The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Course and outcome of hepatitis C
Open accessAbstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family flaviviridae and genus hepacivirus. The HCV RNA genome is 9,600 nucleotides in length and encodes a single polyprotein that is post-translationally cleaved into 10 polypeptides including t3 structural (C, E1, and E2) and multiple nonstructural proteins ([NS] NS2 to NS5). The NS proteins include enzymes necessary for protein processing (proteases) and viral replication (RNA polymerase). The virus replicates at a high rate in the liver and has marked sequence heterogeneity. There are 6 genotypes and more than 90 subtypes of HCV, the most common in the United States being 1a and 1b (approximately 75%), 2a and 2b (approximately 15%), and 3 (approximately 7%). Acute hepatitis C is marked by appearance of HCV RNA in serum within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure followed by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations, and then symptoms and jaundice. Antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) tends to arise late. In acute resolving hepatitis, HCV RNA is cleared and serum ALT levels fall to normal. However, 55% to 85% of patients do not clear virus, but develop chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C is often asymptomatic, but is usually associated with persistent or fluctuating elevations in ALT levels. The chronic sequelae of hepatitis C include progressive hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Extra-hepatic manifestations include sicca syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, glomerulonephritis, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Knowledge of the course and outcome of hepatitis C is important in developing approaches to management and therapy. (Hepatology 2002;36:S21-S29).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Isolation of a cDNA cLone Derived from a Blood-Borne Non-A, Non-B Viral Hepatitis Genome
Choo, Q.-L., Kuo, G., Weiner, A. J., Overby, L. R., Bradley, D. W., & Houghton, M. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2523562 · Cited by 6,875
Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus Ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Fried, M. W., Shiffman, M. L., Reddy, K. R., Smith, C., Marinos, G., Gonçales, F. L., Häussinger, D., Diago, M., Carosi, G., Dhumeaux, D., et al. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa020047 · Cited by 6,389
Manns, M. P., McHutchison, J. G., Gordon, S. C., Rustgi, V. K., Shiffman, M., Reindollar, R., Goodman, Z. D., Koury, K., Ling, M.-H., & Albrecht, J. K. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06102-5 · Cited by 6,029
McHutchison, J. G., Gordon, S. C., Schiff, E. R., Shiffman, M. L., Lee, W. M., Rustgi, V. K., Goodman, Z. D., Ling, M.-H., Cort, S., & Albrecht, J. K. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199811193392101 · Cited by 3,465
An Assay for Circulating Antibodies to a Major Etiologic Virus of Human Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
Kuo, G., Choo, Q.-L., Alter, H. J., Gitnick, G. L., Redeker, A. G., Purcell, R. H., Miyamura, T., Dienstag, J. L., Alter, M. J., Stevens, C. E., et al. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2496467 · Cited by 3,346
The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994
Alter, M. J., Kruszon-Moran, D., Nainan, O. V., McQuillan, G. M., Gao, F., Moyer, L. A., Kaslow, R. A., & Margolis, H. S. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908193410802 · Cited by 2,992
Lauer, G. M., & Walker, B. D. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200107053450107 · Cited by 2,973
Replication of Subgenomic Hepatitis C Virus RNAs in a Hepatoma Cell Line
Lohmann, V., Körner, F., Koch, J.-O., Herian, U., Theilmann, L., & Bartenschlager, R. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5424.110 · Cited by 2,814
Classification of chronic hepatitis: Diagnosis, grading and staging
Desmet, V. J., Gerber, M., Hoofnagle, J. H., Manns, M., & Scheuer, P. J. (1994) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.1840190629 · Cited by 2,593
Self-citationPoynard, T., Marcellin, P., Lee, S. S., Niederau, C., Minuk, G. S., Ideo, G., Bain, V., Heathcote, J., Zeuzem, S., Trepo, C., et al. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07124-4 · Cited by 2,318
Cited by
Domingo, E., Sheldon, J., & Perales, C. (2012) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.05023-11 · Cited by 1,009
AASLD practice guidelines: Evaluation of the patient for liver transplantation†
Murray, K. F., & Carithers, R. L. (2005) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.20704 · Cited by 939
American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on the Management of Hepatitis C
Dienstag, J. L., & McHutchison, J. G. (2006) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.010 · Cited by 384
Biologics for targeting inflammatory cytokines, clinical uses, and limitations
Rider, P., Carmi, Y., & Cohen, I. (2016) · International Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1155/2016/9259646 · Cited by 226
Des Jarlais, D. C., Perlis, T., Arasteh, K., Torian, L. V., Hagan, H., Beatrice, S., Smith, L., Wethers, J., Milliken, J., Mildvan, D., et al. (2005) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000192066.86410.8c · Cited by 163
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoofnagle, J. H.
- Venue
- Hepatology
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- Supplement 1
- Pages
- S21-S29
- ISSN
- 0270-9139 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2015336471
- Cited by
- 1,084
- References
- 61
- FWCI
- 24.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Course and outcome of hepatitis C. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/hep.1840360704
- The paper
- Hoofnagle, J. H. (2002). Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840360704
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
