The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Molecular targeted therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma†
Open accessAbstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and heterogeneous tumor with several genomic alterations. There is evidence of aberrant activation of several signaling cascades such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphoinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, Wnt, Hedgehog, and apoptotic signaling. Recently a multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, has shown survival benefits in patients with advanced HCC. This advancement represents a breakthrough in the treatment of this complex disease and proves that molecular therapies can be effective in HCC. It is becoming apparent, however, that to overcome the complexity of genomic aberrations in HCC, combination therapies will be critical. Phase II studies have tested drugs blocking EGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor/platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and mTOR signaling. No relevant data has been produced so far in combination therapies. Future research is expected to identify new compounds to block important undruggable pathways, such as Wnt signaling, and to identify new oncogenes as targets for therapies through novel high-throughput technologies. Recent guidelines have established a new frame for the design of clinical trials in HCC. Randomized phase II trials with a time-to-progression endpoint are proposed as pivotal for capturing benefits from novel drugs. Survival remains the main endpoint to measure effectiveness in phase III studies. Patients assigned to the control arm should receive standard-of-care therapy, that is, chemoembolization for patients with intermediate-stage disease and sorafenib for patients with advanced-stage disease. Biomarkers and molecular imaging should be part of the trials, in order to optimize the enrichment of study populations and identify drug responders. Ultimately, a molecular classification of HCC based on genome-wide investigations and identification of patient subclasses according to drug responsiveness will lead to a more personalized medicine.
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Cites
Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Llovet, J. M., Ricci, S., Mazzaferro, V., Hilgard, P., Gane, E., Blanc, J.-F., de Oliveira, A. C., Santoro, A., Raoul, J.-L., Forner, A., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0708857 · Cited by 13,097
Self-citationSlamon, D. J., Leyland-Jones, B., Shak, S., Fuchs, H., Paton, V., Bajamonde, A., Fleming, T., Eiermann, W., Wolter, J., Pegram, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200103153441101 · Cited by 11,500
Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Hurwitz, H., Fehrenbacher, L., Novotny, W., Cartwright, T., Hainsworth, J., Heim, W., Berlin, J., Baron, A., Griffing, S., Holmgren, E., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032691 · Cited by 10,968
Paclitaxel–Carboplatin Alone or with Bevacizumab for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Sandler, A., Gray, R., Perry, M. C., Brahmer, J., Schiller, J. H., Dowlati, A., Lilenbaum, R., & Johnson, D. H. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa061884 · Cited by 5,761
Erlotinib in Previously Treated Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Shepherd, F. A., Rodrigues Pereira, J., Ciuleanu, T., Tan, E. H., Hirsh, V., Thongprasert, S., Campos, D., Maoleekoonpiroj, S., Smylie, M., Martins, R., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050753 · Cited by 5,419
Cetuximab for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Jonker, D. J., O'Callaghan, C. J., Karapetis, C. S., Zalcberg, J. R., Tu, D., Au, H.-J., Berry, S. R., Krahn, M., Price, T., Simes, R. J., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa071834 · Cited by 1,904
WNT and β-catenin signalling: diseases and therapies
Moon, R. T., Kohn, A. D., Ferrari, G. V. D., & Kaykas, A. (2004) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg1427 · Cited by 1,763
Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors
Mellinghoff, I. K., Wang, M. Y., Vivanco, I., Haas-Kogan, D. A., Zhu, S., Dia, E. Q., Lu, K. V., Yoshimoto, K., Huang, J. H. Y., Chute, D. J., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa051918 · Cited by 1,442
mTOR and cancer: insights into a complex relationship
Sabatini, D. M. (2006) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1974 · Cited by 1,322
Cited by
EASL–EORTC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma
European Association for the Study of the Liver, & European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (2012) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.001 · Cited by 5,218
“Intermediate HCC (BCLC stage B): Untreated patients at an intermediate stage – BCLC B class (multinodular asymptomatic tumors without an invasive pattern) present a median survival of 16 months [139,164], or 49% at 2 year [133].”
BackgroundGenetic landscape and biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma
Zucman-Rossi, J., Villanueva, A., Nault, J.-C., & Llovet, J. M. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.061 · Cited by 1,325
Self-citationHoshida, Y., Nijman, S. M. B., Kobayashi, M., Chan, J. A., Brunet, J.-P., Chiang, D. Y., Villanueva, A., Newell, P., Ikeda, K., Hashimoto, M., et al. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1089 · Cited by 1,238
Self-citationPathogenic mechanisms in HBV- and HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma
Arzumanyan, A., Reis, H. M. G. P. V., & Feitelson, M. A. (2013) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc3449 · Cited by 800
Pivotal Role of mTOR Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Villanueva, A., Chiang, D. Y., Newell, P., Peix, J., Thung, S., Alsinet, C., Tovar, V., Roayaie, S., Minguez, B., Sole, M., et al. (2008) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.08.008 · Cited by 733
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Llovet, J. M., & Bruix, J.
- Venue
- Hepatology
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1312-1327
- ISSN
- 0270-9139 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1970060716
- Cited by
- 1,004
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 58.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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