The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The psychoneuroimmunology of depression
Abstract
Chronic stress, by initiating changes in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and the immune system, acts as a trigger for anxiety and depression. There is experimental and clinical evidence that the rise in the concentration of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids, which occurs in a chronically stressful situation and also in depression, contribute to the behavioural changes associated with depression. A defect in serotonergic function is associated with these hormonal and immune changes. Neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdalae are the frequent outcome of the changes in the HPA axis and the immune system. Such changes may provide evidence for the link between chronic depression and dementia in later life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A molecular and cellular theory of depression
Duman, R. S. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830190015002 · Cited by 2,129
Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders
Öngür, D., Drevets, W. C., & Price, J. L. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13290 · Cited by 1,525
Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Wei, J., Dilley, G., Pittman, S. D., Meltzer, H. Y., Overholser, J. C., Roth, B. L., & Stockmeier, C. A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00041-4 · Cited by 1,477
Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., & Gado, M. H. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-12-05034.1999 · Cited by 1,382 · cited 1×
“Astrocytes also metabolise quinolinic acid and thereby reduce the neurotoxic impact of microglia activation (Sheline et al., 1999).”
BackgroundThe role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
Arborelius, L., Owens, M., Plotsky, P., & Nemeroff, C. (1999) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1600001 · Cited by 1,378
Wichers, M. C., Koek, G. H., Robaeys, G., Verkerk, R., Scharpé, S., & Maes, M. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001600 · Cited by 445
Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression
MYINT, A., LEONARD, B., STEINBUSCH, H., & KIM, Y. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.07.008 · Cited by 371
Self-citationChen, P., Ganguli, M., Mulsant, B. H., & DeKosky, S. T. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.3.261 · Cited by 327
Cytokines as modulators of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Besedovsky, H. O., Del Rey, A., Klusman, I., Furukawa, H., Monge Arditi, G., & Kabiersch, A. (1991) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90284-c · Cited by 314
Serotonin 5-HT2a and 5-HT2c Receptors Stimulate Amyloid Precursor Protein Ectodomain Secretion
Nitsch, R. M., Deng, M., Growdon, J. H., & Wurtman, R. J. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.8.4188 · Cited by 219
Cited by
Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test
Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005 · Cited by 734
Maes, M., Leonard, B. E., Myint, A. M., Kubera, M., & Verkerk, R. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.017 · Cited by 700
Self-citationAnxiety disorders and inflammation in a large adult cohort
Vogelzangs, N., Beekman, A. T. F., de Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.27 · Cited by 458
Hematopoietic origin of pathological grooming in Hoxb8 mutant mice
Chen, S.-K., Tvrdik, P., Peden, E., Cho, S., Wu, S., Spangrude, G., & Capecchi, M. R. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.055 · Cited by 450
Akhondzadeh, S., Jafari, S., Raisi, F., Nasehi, A. A., Ghoreishi, A., Salehi, B., Mohebbi-Rasa, S., Raznahan, M., & Kamalipour, A. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20589 · Cited by 397
Metadata
- Authors
- Leonard, B. E., & Myint, A.
- Venue
- Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02-11
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 165-175
- ISSN
- 0885-6222 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1077
- OpenAlex
- W2169375658
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 7.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/hup.1011
- The paper
- Leonard, B. E., & Myint, A. (2009). The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1011
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
