A global view on cancer incidence and national levels of the human development index
Abstract
Socioeconomic factors are associated with cancer incidence through complex and variable pathways. We assessed cancer incidence for all cancers combined and 27 major types according to national human development levels. Using GLOBOCAN data for 184 countries, age‐standardized incidence rates (ASRs) were assessed by four levels (low, medium, high, very high) of the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite index of life expectancy, education, and gross national income. A strong positive relationship between overall cancer incidence and HDI level was observed. When comparing the ASR in very high HDI regions with that in low HDI regions, we observed a positive association ranging from 2 to 14 and 2 to 11 times higher in males and females, respectively, depending on the cancer type. Positive dose–response relationships between the ASR and HDI level were observed in both sexes for the following cancer types: lung, pancreas, leukemia, gallbladder, colorectum, brain/nervous system, kidney, multiple myeloma, and thyroid. Positive associations were also observed for testicular, bladder, lip/oral cavity, and other pharyngeal cancers, Hodgkin lymphoma, and melanoma of the skin in males, and corpus uteri, breast, and ovarian cancers and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in females. A negative dose–response relationship was observed for cervical and other pharyngeal cancers and Kaposi sarcoma in females. Although the relationship between incidence and the HDI remained when assessed at the country‐specific level, variations in risk within HDI levels were also observed. We highlight positive and negative associations between incidence and human development for most cancers, which will aid the planning of cancer control priorities among countries undergoing human development transitions.
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Colorectal cancer incidence rates have been steadily rising in countries undergoing major transition, including countries in Eastern Europe, South-Eastern and South-Central Asia, and South America.
“colorectal cancer incidence rates have been steadily rising in countries undergoing major transition, 61,62 including countries in Eastern Europe, South-Eastern and South-Central Asia, and South America.63,64”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [62]
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“As a pointer to socioeconomic development, colorectal cancer incidence rates have been steadily rising in countries undergoing major transition, 61,62 including countries in Eastern Europe, South ‐ Eastern and South ‐ Central Asia, and South America.”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Fidler, M. M., Soerjomataram, I., & Bray, F.
- Affiliations
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer Cedex 08 Lyon France
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Venue
- International Journal of Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-08-30
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2436-2446
- ISSN
- 0020-7136 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0215
- OpenAlex
- W2518132675
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 9.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- International Agency for Research on Cancer and European Union's Seventh Framework Programme Marie Curie Actions-People-COFUND
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Keywords
- cancer incidence, Human Development Index, socioeconomic factors, global cancer burden, dose-response relationship, sex differences in cancer, cancer control planning, lung cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- MeSH terms
- Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Socioeconomic Factors, Global Health, Incidence, Developed Countries
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