Emotional attachment and emotional availability tele-intervention for adoptive families
Abstract
This study evaluated the new online Emotional Attachment and Emotional Availability (EA2) Intervention for use with adoptive families in enhancing parent-child EA, parental perceptions of EA, child attachment behaviors, parent-child emotional attachment, and reducing parent-reported child behavioral problems and parenting-related stress. Participants in this study were adoptive parents and their adopted children ages 1.5 to 5 years old (N = 15 dyads). Participants were placed in an immediate intervention group (IG) or a delayed intervention group (DG) that would receive the 6-week EA2 Tele-Intervention after the IG. Results revealed significant differences in the IG in child behavioral problems, parent-child EA, parental perceptions of EA, and parent-child emotional attachment, improvements not seen in the DG. Analysis of effects of the DG after receiving the EA2 Tele-Intervention revealed significant differences over time also in most of these qualities.
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Previous studies have found mean differences between intervention and control groups on these subscales from tele-interventions for parents in the range of 0.4 to 1.5.
“Previous studies have found mean differences between intervention and control groups on these subscales from tele-interventions for parents in range of 0.4 to 1.5.38”
From Early Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ‘Early PACT’ for parents of infants with cerebral palsy: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
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Emotional availability: theory, research, and intervention
Saunders, H., Kraus, A., Barone, L., & Biringen, Z. C. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01069 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“In a separate study with adoptive families, Baker et al. (2015) used the EA Intervention with group-format distance technology (i.e., Skype) to connect the mothers to the facilitator as well as group members.”
BackgroundMethodA meta-analytic review of parenting interventions in foster care and adoption
Schoemaker, N. K., Wentholt, W. G. M., Goemans, A., Vermeer, H. J., Juffer, F., & Alink, L. R. A. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000798 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“…–0.08 [–0.75, 0.59] 13.83* 85.06 0.00 Placement disruption 7 999 0.20 [–0.41, 0.00] 3.99 0.00 –0.10 Note: Results from the trim-and-fill procedure are only mentioned in the text; none of the trim-and-fill results yielded different results. aWithout the outlying effect size of Baker et al. (2015).”
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“Three studies (Baker et al., 2015; Opiola et al., 2018; Weihrauch et al., 2014) included a combined EXT/ INT measure (e.”
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“Online Emotional Attachment and Emotional Availability Intervention was used in one randomised trial and reported in: Baker et al. (2015).”
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“In our review, six studies had a sample size of more than 50 participants, and the included number of participants varied from as low as 15 (Baker et al. 2015) to 138 (Baskin et al. 2011).”
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“…have shown that the EA of a dyad is relatively stable across time, but that it is sensitive to change through interventions supporting emotional available caregiver-child relationships at home as well as in professional caregiving settings (Biringen et al., 2010, 2012, 2014; Baker et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEmotional Availability: Clinical Populations and Clinical Applications
Biringen, Z. C., Sandoval, K., Flykt, M. S., Joslin, S., & Lincoln, M. (2022) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000525256 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, 2014) and programs specifically designed to uplift EA during mother-child interaction (e.g., Biringen et al., 2010; Baker et al., 2015) and between childcare professionals and the infants in their care (Biringen et al.”
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“In line with literature (Licata et al., 2014, 2016; Baker et al., 2015) we used the Clinical Screener scores as a continuous variable, to assess the global level of mother-child emotional availability during play.”
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“Baker et al. (2015) work was with 0 – 5-year-olds and McConnell et al. (2020) studied 0 – 3-year-olds.”
BackgroundMethodVirtual Delivery of Parent Coaching Interventions in Early Childhood Mental Health: A Scoping Review
Hippman, C., Mah, J. W. T., & MacFadden, M. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01597-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…virtual delivery of the attachment-informed intervention EA2 demonstrated efficacy in improving parent–child attachment and child problem behaviour [59], and an online version of CPRT demonstrated positive outcomes in the domain of parental acceptance of their children [60], all with large effect…”
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“Emotional regulation and the formation of secure attachments with new caregivers are among the challenges that children and their caregivers experience (Baker et al., 2015; Carnes-Holt & Bratton, 2014).”
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Fathers’ Emotional Availability with Their Children: Determinants and Consequences
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“Several studies provide compelling evidence regarding the effectiveness of these interventions: Attachment Security and Emotional Availability: The profound impact of the EA2 tele-intervention 22 and VIPP-FC/A 36 cannot be overstated.”
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“Some studies have also examined the effectiveness of emotional attachment and emotional availability teleinterventions (delivered via telecom services) for adoptive families and child-parent relationship therapy (CPRT) with adoptive families (Baker et al., 2015; Kerr & Cossar, 2014).”
BackgroundLincoln, M., Aichele, S., Clark, E. L. M., Dungan, M., Harvey, A. M., Hoyer, L., Jiao, Y., Joslin, S., Russell, F., & Biringen, Z. C. (2023) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2303032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“Other studies that have used the EA Scales to demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention on other populations (e.g., adoptive families) suggest that a reasonable estimate for effect size would be 0.71 (Baker et al., 2015).”
InfluentialAttachment Security and Emotional Availability
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“Timeline of historical developments of ABIs: A 75-year history (Dozier et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 1999; Baker et al., 2015). increased public use of web-conferencing platforms (e.g., Gray et al., 2022).”
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“[66] evaluated the effectiveness of the new tele-intervention program “Emotional Attachment and Emotional Availability (EA2) Intervention” [13,14] in the integration phase of the adopted children aged between 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialA Preliminary Evaluation of an Adoption-Focused Group Intervention for Families
Murray, K. J., Williams, B. M., Blanchard, L., Gibson, F., & Humphrey, M. K. (2023) · Adoption Quarterly · doi:10.1080/10926755.2023.2245376 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Since that time, research has emerged on a few interventions that have been developed or adapted from other programs to meet the needs of adoptive families (e.g., Baker et al., 2015; Rolock et al., 2021).”
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“Two studies have examined the effect of a parenting programme on socioemotional adjustment of the child using the EA, and both studies found a significant increase in the EA after intervention attendance [34, 35].”
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“However, the prior study examined the “EA-long” intervention in a small sample of adoptive parents ( N = 15) by evaluating pre-post t -tests 35 .”
InfluentialMother-Child Emotional Availability Across Cultures: Findings from Western and Non-Western Countries
Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., & Suwalsky, J. T. D. (2022) · Science across cultures · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15359-4_19 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Opvoedinterventies voor pleegzorg en adoptie: een meta-analyse
Schoemaker, N. K., Wentholt, W. G. M., Goemans, A., Vermeer, H. J., Juffer, F., & Alink, L. R. A. (2022) · JGZ Tijdschrift voor jeugdgezondheidszorg · doi:10.1007/s12452-022-00273-y
"Koruyucu aile müdahale programları: pediatri hemşireliği perspektifinden bir değerlendirme"
Oral, M., & Törüner, E. K. (2025) · KTO Karatay Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.59244/ktokusbd.1619341
Factor Structure and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Emotional Availability Self-Report
Kanehira, N., Kang, Y. A., Suwa, E., Asaeda, S., Tsutsumi, T., Tsuji, K., Fukudome, K., Nakano, M., & Yuzawa, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12070867
“Notably, the EA-SR has been used to measure the effectiveness of EA interventions (e.g., [11,12]).”
Maternal empathy and emotional availability: the moderating role of child negative affectivity
Hijleh, A., Laor, T. K., Israeli‐Ran, L., & Uzefovsky, F. (2026) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2026.2651088
“…a well-meaning, emotionally available mother may lead to lower emotional availability scores for the child and the relationship, even though the mother may still demonstrate higher emotional availability scores (Baker et al., 2015; Barone et al., 2015; Biringen et al., 2014; Saunders et al., 2015).”
Intervention Programs Implemented for Adoptive Families
Kunt, M., & Avcı, N. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0031-1.ch011
- Authors
- Baker, M., Biringen, Z., Meyer-Parsons, B., & Schneider, A.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Biringen, Zeynep
- Venue
- Infant Mental Health Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-02-20
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 179-192
- ISSN
- 0163-9641 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1899108332
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 4.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Infant Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotional availability, emotional attachment, adoptive families, parent-child attachment, child behavior problems, parental stress, early childhood, online intervention, adoptive parents
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Adult, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Pilot Projects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Parenting, Treatment Outcome, Telemedicine
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