Head and tail development of the Drosophila embryo involves spalt, a novel homeotic gene
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Mutations in spalt (sal), a novel homeotic gene on the second chromosome of Drosophila, cause opposite transformations in two subterminal regions of the embryo: posterior head segments are transformed into anterior thoracic structures and anterior tail segments are transformed into posterior abdominal structures. The embryonic phenotypes of double mutants for sal and various Antennapedia (ANT-C) or bithorax (BX-C) genes indicate that sal acts independently of the hierarchical order of the latter gene complexes. Trans-regulatory gene mutations causing ectopic expression of ANT-C and BX-C genes do not change the realms of sal action. It is proposed that the region-specific action of the sal gene primarily promotes head as opposed to trunk development, while the BX-C gene AbdB distinguishes tail from head.
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SALL proteins are C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors important for embryogenesis.
“Spalt-like (SALL) proteins are C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors important for embryogenesis”
From Tetramerisation governs SALL transcription factor function in development and disease (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
The Introduction and ‘Significance of sal gene action’ describe the Drosophila spalt (sal) gene as important for embryonic head and tail development. Our copy does not identify SALL proteins as C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factors or establish that characterization for the protein family. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“Indeed, the spalt and SALL proteins, respectively, play elementary roles during Drosophila and mouse development [Jürgens, 1988; Elling et al., 2006; Sakaki-Yumoto et al., 2006].”
BackgroundSALL4 as a new biomarker for early colorectal cancers
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“A single C2H2 motif is attached to the second double zinc finger (Jurgens 1988).”
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“Sall4 is a member of the Spalt family of transcription factors which was originally identified in Drosophila as a homeotic gene required for head and tail development [28,34,35].”
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“…family of zinc finger transcription factors (Kohlhase et al., 1996), containing multiple C2H2 double zinc finger domains, homologous to the Drosophila spalt (sal) homeotic gene important in pattern formation and cell specification (de Celis et al., 1996, 1999; Jurgens, 1988; Kuhnlein et al., 1994).”
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BackgroundSall1, Sall2, and Sall4 Are Required for Neural Tube Closure in Mice
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“The homeotic spalt (sal) gene of Drosophila melanogaster determines the identity of the anterior head and the posterior tail regions in early development.(1,2) At later stages, sal is involved in the development of the wing disk, trachea, and sensory organs.”
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“Spalt proteins have subsequently been shown to be required for appropriate migration, differentiation, and pattern formation in the development of the Drosophila wing, trachea, antenna, oenocytes-chordotonal organs, and photoreceptors (10, 11, 12, 17, 31, 32, 39, 48).”
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“Spalt was first isolated as a homeotic gene required for the development of the head and tail regions inDrosophila (15, 16).”
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“The region-specific homeotic gene spalt (sal) of Drosophila melanogaster is required for the specification of larval posterior head and anterior tail structures during embryogenesis (Jürgens 1988).”
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“Copyright © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel The region-specific homeotic gene spalt (sal) of Drosophila melanogaster is required for the specification of larval posterior head and anterior tail structures during embryogenesis (Jürgens, 1988).”
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“sem-4 encodes a putative ranscription factor with seven C2H2-type zinc fingers (Bason and Horvitz, 1996) with homology to the zinc fingers of he Drosophila homeotic gene spalt (Jürgens, 1988; Kühnein et al., 1994) and the human transcription factor PRDIIF1 (Seeler et al.”
The Role of Stem Cell Factor SALL4 in Leukemogenesis
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“…cell cycle regulation, cell fate specification, neuronal differentiation, migration, and cell adhesion (Barembaum and Bronner-Fraser, 2004; Bohm et al., 2007; Cantera et al., 2002; de Celis et al., 1999; Franch-Marro and Casanova, 2002; Jurgens, 1988; Kuhnlein and Schuh, 1996; Toker et al., 2003).”
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“Expression of spalt is not segmentally restricted in Artemia InDrosophila, spalt is expressed in two sub-terminal regions of the embryo, where it cooperates with the Hox genes to specify the identity of gnathal and posterior abdominal segments (Jurgens, 1988; Kuhnlein et al., 1994).”
InfluentialSignificance of SALL4 as a drug-resistant factor in lung cancer
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“Sall4 is the mouse homolog of the Drosophila homeotic gene spalt (sal) and is required for the early development of the posterior head and anterior tail of Drosophila (10).”
BackgroundExpression of three spalt (sal) gene homologues in zebrafish embryos
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Modeling congenital disease and inborn errors of development inDrosophila melanogaster
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“Flies null for salm, a target of the Dpp and Hh signaling pathways, suffer embryonic lethality (Jurgens, 1988).”
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“Sal is a nonclustered regionspecific homeobox gene and is essential for the development of the posterior head and anterior tail segments of the fly.(9,10) Furthermore, sal plays an important role in the embryonic development of the larval tracheal system and the adult wing.”
BackgroundMurakami, R., Shigenaga, A., Matsumoto, 1., Yamaoka, I., & Tanimura, T. (1994) · Roux's archives of developmental biology · doi:10.1007/bf00360519 · Cited by 27
Abdominal-B and caudal inhibit the formation of specific neuroblasts in the Drosophila tail region
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“Specification of these units is under the control of a number of genes, which affect the identity of terminal segments, including Abd-B, cad, spalt (salm – FlyBase) and forkhead (Jürgens, 1988; Jürgens and Weigel, 1988; Moreno and Morata, 1999; Sánchez-Herrero et al., 1985).”
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“Jurgens G. Head and tail development of the Drosophila embryo involves spalt, a novel homeotic gene.”
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“Our initial scoring to bands 31F–32C led us to examine De-ficiencies Df(2L)J2 (Mange and Sandler, 1973), Df(2L)J39 (Sandler, 1977), and Df(2L)Prl (Jurgens, 1988) to better localize the gene.”
Arenas‐Mena, C. (2013) · The International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.120056ca · Cited by 30 · see citing works
How do single homeotic genes control multiple segment identities?
Duncan, I. J. (1996) · Bioessays · doi:10.1002/bies.950180203 · Cited by 22
Exner, C. R. T., Kim, A. Y., Mardjuki, S. M., & Harland, R. M. (2017) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Murakami, R., Shigenaga, A., Kawakita, M., Takimoto, K., Yamaoka, I., Akasaka, K., & Shimada, H. (1995) · Roux's archives of developmental biology · doi:10.1007/bf00188847 · Cited by 21
Kuhn, D., Turenchalk, G. S., Mack, J., Packert, G., & Kornberg, T. B. (1995) · Mechanisms of Development · doi:10.1016/0925-4773(95)00399-1 · Cited by 21
Harrison, S. J., Nishinakamura, R., & Monaghan, A. P. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm191 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In Drosophila and other species Sall proteins have been implicated in processes regulating development, including cell fate specification, neuronal differentiation, migration, and cell adhesion (Jurgens 1988; Kuhnlein and Schuh 1996; de Celis et al. 1999; Cantera et al. 2002; Franch-Marro and Casanova 2002; Toker et a…”
BackgroundInfluentialGenes controlling posterior gut development in theDrosophila embryo
Harbecke, R., & Lengyel, J. (1995) · Roux's archives of developmental biology · doi:10.1007/bf02179500 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Qin, N., Xu, X.-X., Sun, X., Chen, X., Zhao, J., Xu, R., & Mishra, B. (2019) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioz137 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Previous studies have documented that four members of spalt, spalt1 (sal1), sal2, sal3, and sal4, are required for the specification of head and tail regions in Drosophila embryos [21].”
BackgroundAberrant methylation and downregulation of sall3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Yang, X.-X., Sun, J.-Z., Li, F.-X., Wu, Y.-S., Du, H.-Y., Zhu, W., Li, X.-H., & Li, M. (2012) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i21.2719 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kidney development conserved over species: essential roles of Sall1
Nishinakamura, R. (2003) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s1084-9521(03)00027-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Genetics of vesicoureteral reflux and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract
Lee, K., Gee, H., & Shin, J. (2017) · Investigative and Clinical Urology · doi:10.4111/icu.2017.58.s1.s4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Sallike 1 (SALL1) is one of the human orthologues of the spalt (sal) gene known in Drosophila [40].”
BackgroundSung, C. K., Dahl, J., Yim, H., Rodig, S. J., & Benjamin, A. T. L. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.10-173674 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Repression of SALL2 by TGF in human fibroblasts may be viewed as an evolutionarily conserved pathway but with opposite effect from that in Drosophila, where Dpp is an activator of Spalt (22, 46).”
BackgroundInfluentialBarembaum, M., & Bronner-Fraser, M. E. (2004) · Neuron Glia Biology · doi:10.1017/s1740925x04000080 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Expression of sall4 in taste buds of zebrafish
Jackson, R., Braubach, O., Bilkey, J., Zhang, J., Akimenko, M., Fine, A., Croll, R., & Jonz, M. (2013) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22079 · Cited by 16
Zinc finger proteins in early Xenopus development.
Hollemann, T., Bellefroid, E., Stick, R., & Pieler, T. (1996) · International Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1387/ijdb.8735940 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Different requirements for l(1) giant in two embryonic domains of Drosophila melanogaster.
Petschek, J. P., & Mahowald, A. (1990) · Developmental Genetics · doi:10.1002/dvg.1020110110 · Cited by 15
Kilic, E., Tennstedt, P., Högner, A., Lebok, P., Sauter, G., Bokemeyer, C., Izbicki, J. R., & Wilczak, W. (2016) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/s00428-016-1908-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“SALL4 was originally identified as a homeotic gene essential for the head and tail determination in Drosophila [1, 2].”
BackgroundMalignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor: An Immunohistochemical Study
Bing, Z., Pasha, T., Wang, L.-P., & Zhang, P. J. L. (2012) · Pathology Research International · doi:10.1155/2012/569609 · Cited by 11
Sall1 plays pivotal roles for lens fiber cell differentiation in mouse
Baba, Y., watabe, Y., Sagara, H., & Watanabe, S. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.098 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Molecular cloning of a SALL1-related pseudogene and mapping to chromosome Xp11.2
Kohlhase, J., Köhler, A., Jäckle, H., Engel, W., & Stick, R. (1999) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000015206 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…the prototype of this gene family, is an essential genetic component required for specification of posterior head and anterior tail segments (Jürgens, 1988), proper development of the larval tracheal system (Kühnlein and Schuh, 1996), and adult wing morphogenesis (de Celis et al., 1996;…”
BackgroundImmunohistochemical Studies of Metastatic Germ-Cell Tumors in Retroperitoneal Dissection Specimens
Bai, S., Wei, S., Pasha, T. L., Yao, Y., Tomaszewski, J. E., & Bing, Z. (2013) · International Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1177/1066896912471849 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“SALL4 is a zinc finger transcription factor and a homologue of drosophila spalt gene,(12) which plays an important role in the specification of head and tail regions in the embryonic development.(13) In mammals, SALL4 also plays critical roles in embryo development.”
BackgroundSALL4 oncogene is an immunogenic antigen presented in various HLA-DR contexts
Kroemer, M., Spehner, L., Mercier‐Letondal, P., Boullerot, L., Kim, S. C. H., Jary, M., Galaine, J., Picard, E., Ferrand, C., Nguyen, T., et al. (2017) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2017.1412030 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Spalt (sal) genes were first identified in Drosophila melanogaster in which they have important roles in homeotic specifications.(1,2) In human, homologue spalt genes, so called Sal Like (SALL), are split up in four paralogue groups, SALL1, SALL2, SALL3 and SALL4.”
BackgroundReuter, D., Kühnlein, R., Frommer, G., Barrio, R., Kafatos, F., Jäckle, H., & Schuh, R. (1996) · Chromosoma · doi:10.1007/bf00352268 · Cited by 7
Molecular, phylogenetic and developmental analyses of Sall proteins in bilaterians
Lorente-Sorolla, J. M., Truchado-García, M., Perry, K. J., Henry, J. J., & Grande, C. (2018) · EvoDevo · doi:10.1186/s13227-018-0096-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The Drosophila sal homeotic genes are implicated in many developmental processes [11, 12] such as the specification of head and tail during embryogenesis [24], organogenesis [25–27] and the determination of neural fate in the peripheral nervous system [28–30].”
BackgroundJoó, J. G. (2009) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1586/erm.09.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jürgens, G.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Jürgens, Gerd
- ORCID
- Jürgens, Gerd
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 1988-01-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 189-196
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC454247
- OpenAlex
- W89847511
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- spalt, homeotic genes, Drosophila embryo, head development, tail development, Antennapedia complex, bithorax complex, Abdominal-B, ectopic expression
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