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Peripheral and Central Effects of Circulating Catecholamines
Open accessAbstract
Physical challenges, emotional arousal, increased physical activity, or changes in the environment can evoke stress, requiring altered activity of visceral organs, glands, and smooth muscles. These alterations are necessary for the organism to function appropriately under these abnormal conditions and to restore homeostasis. These changes in activity comprise the “fight‐or‐flight” response and must occur rapidly or the organism may not survive. The rapid responses are mediated primarily via the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, secreted from the adrenal medulla. The catecholamine neurohormones interact with adrenergic receptors present on cell membranes of all visceral organs and smooth muscles, leading to activation of signaling pathways and consequent alterations in organ function and smooth muscle tone. During the “fight‐or‐flight response,” the rise in circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla and norepinephrine secreted from sympathetic nerve terminals cause increased blood pressure and cardiac output, relaxation of bronchial, intestinal and many other smooth muscles, mydriasis, and metabolic changes that increase levels of blood glucose and free fatty acids. Circulating catecholamines can also alter memory via effects on afferent sensory nerves impacting central nervous system function. While these rapid responses may be necessary for survival, sustained elevation of circulating catecholamines for prolonged periods of time can also produce pathological conditions, such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, hypertension, and posttraumatic stress disorder. In this review, we discuss the present knowledge of the effects of circulating catecholamines on peripheral organs and tissues, as well as on memory in the brain. © 2015 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 5:1‐15, 2015.
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“The process of lipolysis is largely controlled via the endocrine system [12].”
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“Training status has been shown to effect catecholamine release and receptor sensitivity [12], endogenous substrate concentrations, and cellular transport protein expression; all of which contribute to the variability of when MFO occurs relevant to exercise intensity [1].”
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“As exercise intensity increases, so does catecholamine concentrations facilitating a concurrent increase of serum CHO and FAs into the blood [12].”
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“Increased epinephrine concentrations that parallel increases in exercise intensity stimulate both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis [12].”
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“The hormonal mechanisms that stimulate lipid metabolism are based primarily on catecholamines [12], cortisol, growth hormone, where insulin is inhibitory [16].”
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“Exercise intensity may further influence MFO by influencing catecholamine concentrations which have regulatory effects on lipolysis [16], glycogenolysis, as well as gluconeogenesis [12].”
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“The diabetogenic effect of GH is also validated by the high prevalence of diabetes in patients with acromegaly, a condition wherein the excessive growth hormones are produced citep (29).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- William Tank, A., & Lee Wong, D.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital Belmont MA USA
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4409092676
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 5.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- circulating catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, fight-or-flight response, stress response, adrenergic receptors, smooth muscle relaxation, blood pressure, cardiac output, memory, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, hypertension, post-traumatic stress disorder, adrenal medulla, sympathetic nerve terminals
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