Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses
Open accessAbstract
The survival and well-being of all species requires appropriate physiological responses to environmental and homeostatic challenges. The re- establishment and maintenance of homeostasis entails the coordinated activation and control of neuroendocrine and autonomic stress systems. These collective stress responses are mediated by largely overlapping circuits in the limbic forebrain, the hypothalamus and the brainstem, so that the respective contributions of the neuroendocrine and autonomic systems are tuned in accordance with stressor modality and intensity. Limbic regions that are responsible for regulating stress responses intersect with circuits that are responsible for memory and reward, providing a means to tailor the stress response with respect to prior experience and anticipated outcomes.
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Psychological stress mobilizes biological responses implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including the release of glucose and lipids into the circulation, inflammatory cytokine expression and increased blood pressure.
“Psychological stress mobilizes biological responses implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including the release of glucose and lipids into the circulation, inflammatory cytokine expression and increased blood pressure”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the brain responds to psychogenic stressors, and the section on sensitization of stress responses reports exaggerated pressor responses to a novel stressor in chronically stressed rats. The passages do not establish that psychological stress releases glucose and lipids into circulation, increases inflammatory cytokine expression, or implicates these responses in T2DM. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCortisol suppresses inflammatory responses and stimulates the cardiovascular system, which increases blood pressure by working with the sympathetic system.
“The release of cortisol suppresses inflammatory responses and stimulates the cardiovascular system, which increases blood pressure by working with the sympathetic system 1, 2.”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the sympatho-adrenomedullary system rapidly raises heart rate and blood pressure through cardiovascular excitation, supporting that part of the sentence. It describes glucocorticoid release as a separate, slower HPA response; the passages do not say cortisol suppresses inflammation or works with the sympathetic system to raise blood pressure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn response to stress, cortisol promotes the mobilization of energy stores, which induces the release of glucose and lipids into the circulation.
“In response to stress, cortisol promotes the mobilization of energy stores, which induces the release of glucose and lipids into the circulation.”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says stress-induced HPA-axis activation raises circulating glucocorticoids. It does not say that cortisol mobilizes energy stores or causes glucose and lipids to enter the circulation; searches for those metabolic effects found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen faced with a threat, animals and humans respond rapidly with sympathetic nervous system activation coupled with upregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which results in increased release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
“When faced with a threat, animals and humans respond rapidly with sympathetic nervous system activation coupled with upregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis 1, 2, which results in increased release of the glucocorticoid cortisol from the adrenal cortex”
From Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress — a modifiable risk factor (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are the two main stress response systems of humans.
“The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) are considered the two main stress response systems of humans (9, 10).”
From Physiological attunement and flourishing: understanding the influence of relationships on health (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
The amygdala is crucial for the detection of salient events and initiates a cascade of psychological and physiological states associated with stress and anxiety.
“This brain region is crucial for the detection of salient events and it initiates a cascade of psychological and physiological states that are associated with stress and anxiety (Davis and Whalen, 2001, Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009).”
From The role of habit in compulsivity (2016) · cites this paper as Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009
Intense exercise activates the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes.
“Two main distinct but interrelated systems that affect the stress response during exercise are: the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes.”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Exercise-induced stress results in activation of preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the thoracolumbar spinal cord, increasing circulating catecholamines.
“Briefly, exercise-induced stress results in activation of preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracolumbar spinal cord (shown in purple and clear grey). This sympathetic activation represents the classic 'fight or flight' response and it generally increases circulating levels of catecholamines.”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Activation of the SAM and HPA axes results in the release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids into the circulatory system.
“The activation of these axes results in the release of catecholamines (norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine) and glucocorticoids into circulatory system (reviewed by Ulrich-Lai et al [6]”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Within the HPA axis, stress activates hypophysiotropic neurons in the PVN that secrete CRH and AVP, which act on the anterior pituitary to promote ACTH secretion, which acts on the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
“Within the HPA axis, stress activates hypophysiotropic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) that secrete releasing hormones, such as corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), into the portal circulation of the median eminence. These releasing hormones act on the anterior pituitary to promote the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) appears to exclude Crfr2α+ axons.
“Notably, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis (reviewed in (Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009)), appeared to exclude Crfr2α+ axons (Fig. 5G).”
From Control of Stress-Induced Persistent Anxiety by an Extra-Amygdala Septohypothalamic Circuit (2014) · cites this paper as Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis.
“the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis (reviewed in (Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009))”
From Control of Stress-Induced Persistent Anxiety by an Extra-Amygdala Septohypothalamic Circuit (2014) · cites this paper as Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009
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References 218 · Cited by 3,318
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [153]Ulrich-Lai YM Engeland WC Sympatho-adrenal activity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation Handbook of Stress and the Brain Steckler T Kalin NH Reul J 419 435 Elsevier B.V. Amsterdam 2005
- Authors
- Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., & Herman, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Corresponding author
- Herman, James P.
- ORCID
- Herman, James P.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009-05-13
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 397-409
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC4240627
- OpenAlex
- W2046960533
- Cited by
- 3,318
- References
- 218
- Citations by year
- 2026: 221 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 235 · 2023: 203 · 2022: 259 · 2021: 237 · 2020: 267 · 2019: 223 · 2018: 217 · 2017: 192 · 2016: 185 · 2015: 173 · 2014: 184 · 2013: 154 · 2012: 140
- FWCI
- 6.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (AG12962, R01AG012962)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH049698, MH 069725, MH069860, R01MH069860, MH049698, R01MH069725)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK078906, K01DK078906)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- stress response, neuroendocrine regulation, autonomic regulation, hypothalamus, limbic forebrain, brainstem, chronic stress, memory, reward, homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autonomic Nervous System, Brain, Endocrine System, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Neural Pathways, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Stress, Physiological
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