Endothelial glycocalyx
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a polysaccharide structure that protrudes from the body of a cell. It is primarily conformed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which provide communication, electrostatic charge, ionic buffering, permeability, and mechanosensation‐mechanotransduction capabilities to cells. In blood vessels, the endothelial glycocalyx that projects into the vascular lumen separates the vascular wall from the circulating blood. Such a physical location allows a number of its components, including sialic acid, glypican‐1, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, to participate in the mechanosensation‐mechanotransduction of blood flow‐dependent shear stress, which results in the synthesis of nitric oxide and flow‐mediated vasodilation. The endothelial glycocalyx also participates in the regulation of vascular permeability and the modulation of inflammatory responses, including the processes of leukocyte rolling and extravasation. Its structural architecture and negative charge work to prevent macromolecules greater than approximately 70 kDa and cationic molecules from binding and flowing out of the vasculature. This also prevents the extravasation of pathogens such as bacteria and virus, as well as that of tumor cells. Due to its constant exposure to shear and circulating enzymes such as neuraminidase, heparanase, hyaluronidase, and matrix metalloproteinases, the endothelial glycocalyx is in a continuous process of degradation and renovation. A balance favoring degradation is associate…
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Disruption of the glycocalyx, as occurs during acute inflammation, leads to substantial increases in the magnitude of capillary filtration.
“Disruption of the glycocalyx, as occurs during acute inflammation, leads to substantial increases in the magnitude of capillary filtration (11).”
From Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System. (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
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Transport and Immune Functions of the Lymphatic System.
Davis, M. J., Zawieja, S. D., & King, P. D. (2025) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022724-104908 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Foote, C. A., Soares, R. N., Ramirez‐Perez, F. I., Ghiarone, T., Aroor, A., Manrique‐Acevedo, C., Padilla, J., & Martinez‐Lemus, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri (US)
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martinez‐Lemus, Luis
- ORCID
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-08-23
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 3781-3811
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4409097294
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Comprehensive physiology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glycosylation and Glycoproteins Research
- Keywords
- endothelial glycocalyx, vascular endothelium, mechanotransduction, shear stress, nitric oxide, flow-mediated dilation, vascular permeability, leukocyte rolling, inflammation, sialic acid, glypican-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, glycocalyx degradation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular aging, metastasis, diabetic vascular disease, endothelial dysfunction
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