PREVENTION OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR BY TEACHING FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION AND SELF-CONTROL SKILLS TO PRESCHOOLERS
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the preschool life skills program (PLS; Hanley, Heal, Tiger, & Ingvarsson, 2007) on the acquisition and maintenance of functional communication and self-control skills, as well as its effect on problem behavior, of small groups of preschoolers at risk for school failure. Six children were taught to request teacher attention, teacher assistance, and preferred materials, and to tolerate delays to and denial of those events during child-led, small-group activities. Teaching strategies included instruction, modeling, role play, and differential reinforcement. Six additional children randomly assigned to similarly sized control groups participated in small-group activities but did not experience the PLS program. Within-subject and between-groups designs showed that the PLS teaching procedures were functionally related to the improvements and maintenance of the skills and prevention of problem behavior. Stakeholder responses on a social acceptability questionnaire indicated that they were satisfied with the form of the targeted social skills, the improvements in the children's performance, and the teaching strategies.
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In replication work with between-groups statistical designs, waiting has been found to increase.
“Similar, increases in waiting have been reported in replication studies using between-groups statistical designs (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013)”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Luczynski & Hanley, 2013
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Hanley, G. P., Jin, C. S., Vanselow, N. R., & Hanratty, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.106 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
“…from highly analytic studies can be stitched together to form applied behavioral syntheses that yield socially important changes in problem behavior; for recent examples, see Luczynski and Hanley (2013), Jin, Hanley, and Beaulieu (2013), or Potter, Hanley, Augustine, Clay, and Phelps (2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHan, L., Geng, J., Jou, M., Gao, F., & Yang, H. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.036 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Under the limited resource model, resourceconsuming activities such as emotional control and regulating impulsivity may lead to reduced self-control, which in turn results in problematic behaviors (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
BackgroundMcLeod, B. D., Sutherland, K. S., Martinez, R. G., Conroy, M. A., Snyder, P. A., & Southam-Gerow, M. A. (2017) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0703-y · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Functional communication training: From efficacy to effectiveness
Ghaemmaghami, M., Hanley, G. P., & Jessel, J. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.762 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“The potential limitations of group designs (e.g., masking individual outcomes) can be addressed by combining group designs with single-subject analysis of individual data (e.g., Hagopian, 2020; Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationContingencies promote delay tolerance
Ghaemmaghami, M., Hanley, G. P., & Jessel, J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.333 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“…of CBPD lies in its ability to create desirable patterns of behavior while it emulates situations that involve unplanned delays and in its ability to yield generalizable patterns of behavior that appear to protect individuals from mismanaged contingencies (see also Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLi, X., Feng, X.-C., Xiao, W., & Zhou, H. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s315879 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Zhao, J., Meng, G., Sun, Y., Xu, Y., Geng, J., & Han, L. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00442-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Toward an explicit technology of ecological validity
Fahmie, T. A., Rodriguez, N. M., Luczynski, K. C., Rahaman, J. A., Charles, B. M., & Zangrillo, A. N. (2023) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.972 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationRung, J. M., Peck, S., Hinnenkamp, J. E., Preston, E., & Madden, G. J. (2019) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-019-00200-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Similar, increases in waiting have been reported in replication studies using between-groups statistical designs (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013) and more modest improvements in waiting have been demonstrated in Head Start preschools for lowincome at-risk children (Hanley, Fahmie, & Heal, 2014; for…”
ResultThe Big Four: Functional Assessment Research Informs Preventative Behavior Analysis
Ala’i-Rosales, S., Cihon, J. H., Currier, T. D. R., Ferguson, J. L., Leaf, J. B., Leaf, R. B., McEachin, J. J., & Weinkauf, S. M. (2018) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-018-00291-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Gao, K., Zhang, R., Xu, T., Zhou, F., & Feng, T. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25333 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Previous studies have indicated that these taskrelated behavior selection and control are related to orderliness (Becker, 1998, 2011), self-control (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013) and punctuality (Back, Schmukle, & Egloff, 2006).”
BackgroundLuczynski, K. C., Hanley, G. P., & Rodriguez, N. M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.128 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationKurtz, P. F., Leoni, M., & Hagopian, L. P. (2020) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2020.02.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Leif, E., Kelenc‐Gasior, N., Bloomfield, B. S., Furlonger, B., & Fox, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.1092 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“…that worsening of SIB or development of SIB from proto-SIB or other motor stereotypies may be effectively prevented with early behavioral intervention including caregiver training in functional communication training (FCT; Fahmie, Iwata, & Mead, 2016; Luszynski & Hanley, 2013; Richman, 2008).”
BackgroundEvaluation of the preschool life skills program in Head Start classrooms: A systematic replication
Hanley, G. P., Fahmie, T. A., & Heal, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.132 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the variability observed across children with respect to all targeted measures highlights the importance of supplemental small-group (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013) or individual (Francisco & Hanley, 2012) instruction.”
BackgroundSelf-citationStaubitz, J. L., Staubitz, J. E., Pollack, M. S., Haws, R. A., & Hopton, M. (2022) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.952 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Within-subject analysis of a prevention strategy for problem behavior
Fahmie, T. A., Iwata, B. A., & Mead, S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.343 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Preschool life skills: Recent advancements and future directions
Fahmie, T. A., & Luczynski, K. C. (2018) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.434 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Subsequent studies evaluated PLS in a small-group (Tier 2 application; Beaulieu, Hanley, & Roberson, 2012, 2013; Luczynski & Hanley, 2013; Luczynski, Hanley, & Rodriguez, 2014) or one-to-one (Tier 3 application; Francisco & Hanley, 2012; Kraus, Hanley, Cesana, Eisenberg, & Jarvie, 2012) format.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe IBIS Network, Dimian, A. F., Botteron, K. N., Dager, S. R., Elison, J. T., Estes, A. M., Pruett, J. R., Schultz, R. T., Zwaigenbaum, L., Piven, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3057-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Life skills instruction for children with developmental disabilities
Robison, M. A., Mann, T. B., & Ingvarsson, E. T. (2019) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.602 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
An evaluation of parents as behavior change agents in the Preschool Life Skills program
Gunning, C., Holloway, J., & Grealish, L. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.660 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Li, X., Li, W., Liu, M., Xiao, W., & Zhou, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.902425 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“According to the limited resource model of selfcontrol (46), activities, such as emotional control, may lead to reduced self-control, resulting in problematic behaviors (47).”
BackgroundDoes teaching an omnibus mand preclude the development of specifying mands?
Ward, S. N., Hanley, G. P., Warner, C. A., & Gage, E. E. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.784 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…it to occur, perhaps the worst outcome may be that the client will be taught a communicative response they won’t frequently use (Lee in the present study) or that control of problem behavior by that reinforcer in the future might be mitigated (see the prevention work by Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFahmie, T. A., Garcia, A. R., Poetry, J. H., Tierman, E., Hamawe, R., Marks, S. T., & Jin, S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.741 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Teaching children with autism to request help with difficult tasks
Rodriguez, N. M., Levesque-Wolfe, M. A., Cohrs, V. L., & Niemeier, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.420 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Early intervention for children with learning disabilities: making use of what we know
Gore, N. J., Hastings, R. P., & Brady, S. (2014) · Tizard Learning Disability Review · doi:10.1108/tldr-08-2013-0037 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This should include ensuring smooth access to both generic and specialist physical health services and professional support to children and families regarding communication development (e.g. Luczynski and Hanley, 2013; van der Schuit et al., 2011).”
BackgroundDidden, R., Lindsay, W. R., Lang, R. B., Sigafoos, J., Deb, S. S., Wiersma, J., Peters-Scheffer, N. C., Marschik, P. B., O’Reilly, M. F., & Lancioni, G. E. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26583-4_27 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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“Consistent with previous PLS literature, mastery was defined as independent, correct responses on at least 85% of trials across two consecutive sessions (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013; Luczynski et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEvaluating the preschool life skills program to teach school readiness skills: An irish pilot study
Gunning, C., Holloway, J., & Healy, O. (2018) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2018.1531962 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“As previously noted, Luczynski and Hanley (2013) suggested that the use of these antecedent-based strategies and the resulting inadvertent avoidance of teaching opportunities may provide short-term gains in terms of classroom behavior management, but may lead to an increase in problem behavior when…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFontenot, B., Uwayo, M., Avendaño, S. M., & Ross, D. E. (2019) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-019-00389-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“These results were replicated in similar studies (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
ResultShepley, C., Grisham-Brown, J. L., & Lane, J. D. (2020) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121419899720 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, in a replication study published 6 years later (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013), the authors discussed the intervention and curriculum within a tiered support framework, and they evaluated behavioral skills training provided in a small-group arrangement as a Tier 2 intervention.”
Evaluating the generality and social acceptability of early friendship skills
McKeown, C. A., Luczynski, K. C., & Lehardy, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.842 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationRuppel, K. W., Hanley, G. P., Landa, R. K., & Rajaraman, A. (2021) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-020-00490-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationLuczynski, K. C., & Hanley, G. P. (2014) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.140 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationFCT and Delay Fading for Elopement with a Child with Autism
Stevenson, M. T., Ghezzi, P. M., & Valenton, K. G. (2015) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-015-0089-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…in the natural environment * Maria T. Stevenson mariastevenson@netscape.net 1 University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA Current examples of incorporating delay fading into FCT for elopement with children include Falcomata et al. (2010), Lehardy et al. (2013), and Luczynski and Hanley (2013).”
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Self-citationCaregivers can implement play‐based instruction without disrupting child preference
Pisman, M. D., & Luczynski, K. C. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.705 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationEdelstein, M. L., Becraft, J. L., Gould, K. M., & Sullivan, A. (2021) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1855 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Extensions of delay and denial tolerance during FCT include comparing different methods of increasing the delay to reinforcement (Ghaemmaghami et al., 2016), teaching in more naturalistic environments (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013), and evaluating an omnibus versus specific mand (Slaton et al., 2017).”
MethodPrevention of the development of problem behavior: A laboratory model
Fahmie, T. A., Macaskill, A. C., Kazemi, E., & Elmer, U. C. (2017) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.426 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Preschool Life Skills: Toward Teaching Prosocial Skills and Preventing Aggression in Young Children
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Self-citationSchlinger, H. D. (2021) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2020.1855155 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…that teaching functional communication in the form of soliciting verbal assistance from caregivers can not only reduce severe behavioural problems, such as aggression, tantrums, and self-injury (Carr & Durand, 1985), but can prevent the acquisition of such behaviour (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
BackgroundDavis, E., Schmidt, E. M., Rothenberg, W. A., Davidson, B., Garcia, D., Barnett, M. L., Fernandez, C., & Jent, J. F. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2023.02.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hoffmann, A. N., Sellers, T. P., Halversen, H., & Bloom, S. E. (2018) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.502 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hustyi, K. M., Logue, J. J., & Hall, S. S. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102523 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…training, (Horner & Day, 1991) FCT with extinction (Fisher et al., 1993; Iwata et al., 1994; Worsdell et al., 2000), tolerance response training (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013) denial and delay tolerance training (Fisher et al., 2000; Dixon & Cummings, 2001), response chaining (Bird et al., 1989;…”
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Hálfdanardóttir, B. F., Ingvarsson, E. T., & Sveinbjörnsdóttir, B. (2021) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1846 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“Studies have found that children with autism are less likely to show positive emotion and more likely to demonstrate a flat affect [38].”
BackgroundPeer Relations in Preschool Children and Determinants of the Relations
Avcı, D., Selçuk, K. T., & Kaynak, S. (2019) · Güncel Pediatri · doi:10.4274/jcp.2019.0002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Functional Communication Training for Toddlers At-Risk for Autism with Early Problem Behavior
Neely, L. C., Carnett, A., Cantrell, K., Stegemann, S., & Svoboda, M. (2022) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-022-00306-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This study will also evaluate the use of the delay and denial procedure introduced by Hanley and colleagues (Ghaemmaghami et al., 2016; Hanley et al., 2014; Luczynski & Hanley, 2013; Slaton et al., 2017).”
MethodResultInfluentialPrevention of Severe Problem Behavior
Williams, D. E., Lee, G. T., & Grossett, D. L. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26583-4_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Morris, S. L., & Joslyn, P. R. (2025) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455241310130 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This is unfortunate, because preventing the development of severe forms of challenging behavior could greatly reduce the risk of physical and behavioral harm (Fahmie et al., 2016; Kimball et al., 2023; Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
Approaches for Treating Multiply Controlled Problem Behavior
Boyle, M. A., Hoffmann, A. N., Horn, J., Badger, S., & Gaskill, L. A. (2023) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-023-00858-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Víðisdóttir, S. L. Í., & Sveinbjörnsdóttir, B. (2020) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1756 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…≥ 10; Beaulieu, Hanley, & Roberson, 2012; Gunning, Holloway, & Healy, 2018; Hanley, Fahmie, & Heal, 2014; Hanley et al., 2007), smaller groups ( < 10; Luczynski & Hanley, 2013; Luczynski, Hanley, & Rodriguez, 2014), in one ‐ on ‐ one teaching (Falligant & Pence, 2017; Francisco & Hanley, 2012; 2 -…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLambert, J. M., Lamers, M. E., Copeland, B. A., & Banerjee, I. (2021) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.1788 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Parent- Guided Communication Training with Neurotypical Toddlers of Three Latin American Families
Raghunauth-Zaman, N., Jessel, J., & Chou, V. (2024) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-024-00983-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An evaluation of delivery of the parent Preschool Life Skills program via telehealth
Lee, H. C. B., Gunning, C., Leow, J., & Holloway, J. (2024) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.2914 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Behavioural Interventions in Challenging Behaviours
Corti, S., Cavagnola, R., Miselli, G., Fioriti, F., Leoni, M., Carnevali, D., Galli, L., Michelini, G., & Chiodelli, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-26276-1_12 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Donaldson, J. M., & Austin, J. L. (2016) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732216683964 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Teaching the preschool life skills curriculum produced similar results in Head Start classrooms (Hanley, Fahmie, & Heal, 2014) and prevented problem behavior in young children at risk of school failure (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
ResultMacDowell, P., Lemos, F. M., & Jessel, J. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-64499-3_26 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Inventory of Resources of Power Used by Pre-school Children: A Validity and Reliability Study
Gündoğdu, S. (2024) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.1195014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Using Reinforcement to Prevent Challenging Behaviors
Weston, R., Rittenhouse-Cea, H., Gauert, S. B., Crandall, M., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19964-6_63 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Self-citationOkul öncesi dönemde yaşam becerileri: Sistematik bir derleme
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“…elopement (e.g., Piazza et al., 1997; Roane & DeRosa, 2014), functional communication training (FCT; Falcomata et al., 2010; Lehardy et al., 2013; Luczynski & Hanley, 2013; Stevenson et al., 2016), time-based access to reinforcement (Boyle & Adamson, 2017; Stevenson et al., 2016), noncontingent…”
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“The capacity for self-control would contribute, along with the dimensions related to order-liness and punctuality, to support the individual’s ability to selectively manage the behaviors that are most functional for the accomplishment of the initiated learning tasks (Luczynski & Hanley, 2013).”
- Authors
- Luczynski, K. C., & Hanley, G. P.
- Affiliations
- Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- Western New England University (US)
- ORCID
- Luczynski, Kevin C.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 355-368
- ISSN
- 0021-8855 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1488159488
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 11.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- problem behavior prevention, functional communication, self-control, preschool children, small group work, differential reinforcement, modeling, role play, social skills training, stakeholder satisfaction
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Child, Preschool, Communication, Female, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Social Behavior Disorders, Social Control, Informal
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