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Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships

Pesaran, M. Hashem, Shin, Yongcheol, Smith, Richard J.·2001·Journal of Applied Econometrics

DOI 10.1002/jae.616

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Abstract

Abstract This paper develops a new approach to the problem of testing the existence of a level relationship between a dependent variable and a set of regressors, when it is not known with certainty whether the underlying regressors are trend‐ or first‐difference stationary. The proposed tests are based on standard F ‐ and t ‐statistics used to test the significance of the lagged levels of the variables in a univariate equilibrium correction mechanism. The asymptotic distributions of these statistics are non‐standard under the null hypothesis that there exists no level relationship, irrespective of whether the regressors are I (0) or I (1). Two sets of asymptotic critical values are provided: one when all regressors are purely I (1) and the other if they are all purely I (0). These two sets of critical values provide a band covering all possible classifications of the regressors into purely I (0), purely I (1) or mutually cointegrated. Accordingly, various bounds testing procedures are proposed. It is shown that the proposed tests are consistent, and their asymptotic distribution under the null and suitably defined local alternatives are derived. The empirical relevance of the bounds procedures is demonstrated by a re‐examination of the earnings equation included in the UK Treasury macroeconometric model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Authors: Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
University of Edinburgh (GB)
University of Bristol (GB)
Corresponding author: Pesaran, M. Hashem
ORCID: Pesaran, M. Hashem
Shin, Yongcheol
Smith, Richard J.
Venue: Journal of Applied Econometrics
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-05
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-326
ISSN: 0883-7252 (ISSN-L)
1099-1255
DOI: 10.1002/jae.616
OpenAlex: W1966910378
Cited by: 20,385
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 1722 · 2025: 1743 · 2024: 1890 · 2023: 2335 · 2022: 2077 · 2021: 1924 · 2020: 1602 · 2019: 1183 · 2018: 882 · 2017: 796 · 2016: 634 · 2015: 601 · 2014: 564 · 2013: 484 · 2012: 391
FWCI: 84.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 52 d)
Locations: Journal of Applied Econometrics (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Diverse Scientific and Economic Studies
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
Keywords: bounds testing, cointegration, asymptotic critical values, local alternatives, earnings equations

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Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships

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