Smoking is associated with impaired bone mass development in young adult men: A 5-year longitudinal study
Open accessAbstract
It has previously been shown that smoking is associated with reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk, but no longitudinal studies have been published investigating altered smoking behavior at the time of bone mass acquisition. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of bone density and geometry according to alterations in smoking behavior in a 5-year, longitudinal, population-based study of 833 young men, age 18 to 20 years (baseline). Furthermore, we aimed to examine the cross-sectional, associations between current smoking and parameters of trabecular microarchitecture of the radius and tibia, using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), in young men aged 23 to 25 years (5-year follow-up). Men who had started to smoke since baseline had considerably smaller increases in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the total body (mean ± SD, 0.020 ± 0.047 mg/cm2 versus 0.043 ± 0.040 mg/cm2, p < 0.01) and lumbar spine (0.027 ± 0.062 mg/cm2 versus 0.052 ± 0.065 mg/cm2, p = 0.04), and substantially greater decreases in aBMD at the total hip (−0.055 ± 0.058 mg/cm2 versus −0.021 ± 0.062 mg/cm2, p < 0.01) and femoral neck (−0.077 ± 0.059 mg/cm2 versus −0.042 ± 0.070 mg/cm2, p < 0.01) than men who were nonsmokers at both the baseline and follow-up visits. At the tibia, subjects who had started to smoke had a smaller increment of the cortical cross-sectional area (CSA) than nonsmokers (8.1 ± 4.3 mm2 versus 11.5 ± 8.9 mm2, p = 0.03), and a larger decrement of trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) than nonsmokers (−13.9 ± 20.5 mg/mm3 versus −4.1 ± 13.9 mg/mm3, p < 0.001). In the cross-sectional analysis at follow-up (23–25 years of age), smokers had significantly lower trabecular vBMD at the tibia (7.0%, p < 0.01) due to reduced trabecular thickness (8.9%, p < 0.001), as assessed using HR-pQCT, than nonsmokers. In conclusion, this study is the first to report that men who start to smoke in young adulthood have poorer development of their aBMD at clinically important sites such as the spine and hip than nonsmokers, possibly due to augmented loss of trabecular density and impaired growth of cortical cross-sectional area. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Many studies have reported a negative relationship between cigarette smoking and bone mass.
“Many studies have reported the negative relationship between CS and bone mass [69,70,71].”
From An Overlooked Bone Metabolic Disorder: Cigarette Smoking-Induced Osteoporosis (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Men who start smoking at a young age reach a lower bone mineral density at several sites, lower trabecular density, and smaller cortical cross-sectional area than their nonsmoking peers, indicating that starting smoking impairs bone mass development in young adulthood.
“Rudäng et al. observed that men who start smoking at a young age reach a lower BMD at several sites, as well as a lower trabecular density and smaller cortical cross-sectional area, than their nonsmoking peers”
From Skeletal System Biology and Smoke Damage: From Basic Science to Medical Clinic (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Rudäng, R., Darelid, A., Nilsson, M., Nilsson, S., Mellström, D., Ohlsson, C., & Lorentzon, M.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lorentzon, Mattias
- Venue
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-05-31
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2189-2197
- ISSN
- 0884-0431 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-4681
- OpenAlex
- W1993490076
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 4.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Petrus och Augusta Hedlunds Stiftelse
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Keywords
- smoking, bone mineral density, trabecular bone microarchitecture, young men, bone geometry, bone loss, smoking initiation, fracture risk, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, hip bone density, lumbar spine bone mineral density, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bone and Bones, Bone Development, Calcium, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Motor Activity, Organ Size, Radius, Smoking, Sweden, Tibia, Bone Density, Prevalence, Smoking Cessation, Fractures, Bone, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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