The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The early origins and development of the scatterplot
Abstract
Of all the graphic forms used today, the scatterplot is arguably the most versatile, polymorphic, and generally useful invention in the history of statistical graphics. Its use by Galton led to the discovery of correlation and regression, and ultimately to much of present multivariate statistics. So, it is perhaps surprising that there is no one widely credited with the invention of this idea. Even more surprising is that there are few contenders for this title, and this question seems not to have been raised before. This article traces some of the developments in the history of this graphical method, the origin of the term scatterplot, the role it has played in the history of science, and some of its modern descendants. We suggest that the origin of this method can be traced to its unique advantage: the possibility to discover regularity in empirical data by smoothing and other graphic annotations to enhance visual perception.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Visual marks, such as rectangular bars, lines or dots, can support different inferences about data relations based on their geometric properties.”
From Illusion of Causality in Visualized Data (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space
Pearson, K. (1901) · The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science · doi:10.1080/14786440109462720 · Cited by 12,864
David, F. N., & Tukey, J. W. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529486 · Cited by 12,707
The visual display of quantitative information
(1985) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(85)90230-7 · Cited by 5,090
(1947) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.1947.10501534 · Cited by 3,745
Phillips, A. W. (1958) · Economica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1958.tb00003.x · Cited by 3,564
Tukey, J. W. (1977) · International Linear Collider · Cited by 2,155
Fox, J. P., Tukey, J. W., McNeil, D. R., Erickson, B. H., & Nosanchuk, T. A. (1978) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340285 · Cited by 1,835
Regression Towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature.
Galton, F. (1886) · The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland · doi:10.2307/2841583 · Cited by 1,531
Cleveland, W. S. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,425
The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900
Stigler, S. M. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,146
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Bennett, 1978, Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, 85, 1
- Buache, 1752, Mémoires de L'Académie Royale des Sciences, 399
- (1782). Producten-Karte von Europa. Dessau: Author.
- (1858). Calcul des probabilés appliqué au tir des projectiles. Paris: J. Dumaine.
- du Carla-Boniface, 1782, Surveying and Mapping, 30, 389
- (1895). Die productions- und consumtionsverhaltnisse des konigreichs sachsen. In Die lebenkosten belgischer arbeiter-familien. Dresden: C. Heinrich. (Original work published 1857)
- Friendly, 2000, Journal de la Société Française de Statistique, 141, 51
- (1863). Meteorographica, or, methods of mapping the weather. London: Macmillan.
- Galton, 1886, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 15, 246
- Galton, 1890, North American Review, 150, 419
- (1686). On the height of the mercury in the barometer at different elevations above the surface of the earth, and on the rising and falling of the mercury on the change of weather. Philosophical Transactions, pp. 104-115.
- (1701). The description and uses of a new, and correct sea-chart of the whole world, shewing variations of the compass. London: Author.
- Herschel, 1833a, Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, 5, 13
- Herschel, 1833b, Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, 5, 171
- (1760). Photometria sive de mensura et gradibus luminis colorum et umbrae. Augustae Vindelicorum: Vidvae Eberhardi Klett.
- (1858). Notes on matters affecting the health, efficiency, and hospital administration of the British Army. London: Harrison and Sons.
- (1482). Tractatus de latitudinibus formarum. Padova. British Library: IA 3Q024.
- Phillips, 1958, Economica, New Series, 25, 283
- (1801). Statistical breviary; shewing, on a principle entirely new, the resources of every state and kingdom in Europe. London: Wallis.
- (1750). Parentalia: Or, memoirs of the family of the wrens. London: T. Osborn and R. Dodsley.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Brief History of Data Visualization
Friendly, M. L. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33037-0_2 · Cited by 331
Self-citationVisual learning analytics of educational data: A systematic literature review and research agenda
Vieira, C., Parsons, P., & Byrd, V. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.018 · Cited by 316
The Perception of Correlation in Scatterplots
Rensink, R. A., & Baldridge, G. (2010) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8659.2009.01694.x · Cited by 182
Scatterplots: Tasks, Data, and Designs
Sarıkaya, A., & Gleicher, M. L. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2017.2744184 · Cited by 172
The Golden Age of Statistical Graphics
Friendly, M. (2008) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/08-sts268 · Cited by 121
Self-citationThe Golden Age of Statistical Graphics
Friendly, M. L., & Walker, N. F. (2010) · Cited by 87
Self-citationBosman, A. S., Engelbrecht, A. P., & Helbig, M. (2020) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2020.02.113 · Cited by 87
Utilizing topology to generate and test theories of change.
Butner, J., Gagnon, K. T., Geuss, M. N., Lessard, D. A., & Story, T. N. (2014) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0037802 · Cited by 83
A.-M. Guerry’s Moral Statistics of France: Challenges for Multivariable Spatial Analysis
Friendly, M. (2007) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/07-sts241 · Cited by 76
Self-citationIllusion of Causality in Visualized Data
Xiong, C., Shapiro, J., Hullman, J., & Franconeri, S. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934399 · Cited by 71
ScatterNet: A Deep Subjective Similarity Model for Visual Analysis of Scatterplots
Ma, Y., Tung, A. K. H., Wang, W., Gao, X. D., Pan, Z., & Chen, W. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2875702 · Cited by 69
A.-M. Guerry’s Moral Statistics of France: Challenges for Multivariable Spatial Analysis
Friendly, M. (2007) · Cited by 57
Self-citationLane, D. M., & Sándor, A. (2009) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0016620 · Cited by 54
Seeing What You Believe or Believing What You See? Belief Biases Correlation Estimation
Xiong, C., Stokes, C., Kim, Y., & Franconeri, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209405 · Cited by 56
Delgado, F. (2021) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi13020035 · Cited by 44
Milestones in the History of Data Visualization: A Case Study in Statistical Historiography
Friendly, M. L. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-28084-7_4 · Cited by 44
Self-citationDubrow, J. K., & Tomescu‐Dubrow, I. (2015) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-015-0215-z · Cited by 43
Iantovics, L. B., Rotar, C., & Morar, F. (2018) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1294 · Cited by 41
Selecting the Aspect Ratio of a Scatter Plot Based on Its Delaunay Triangulation
Fink, M., Haunert, J., Spoerhase, J., & Wolff, A. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2013.187 · Cited by 37
Mahat, D., Neupane, D., & Shrestha, S. (2024) · Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i02.002 · Cited by 36
Sainani, K. L. (2016) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.10.018 · Cited by 36
Evaluation on interactive visualization data with scatterplots
Nguyễn, Q. V., Miller, N., Arness, D. C., Huang, W., Huang, M. L., & Simoff, S. J. (2020) · Visual Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.visinf.2020.09.004 · Cited by 35
Visual exploration of algorithm parameter space
Franken, N. (2009) · IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) · doi:10.1109/cec.2009.4982973 · Cited by 33
Using Animation to Alleviate Overdraw in Multiclass Scatterplot Matrices
Chen, H. W., Engle, S. J., Joshi, A. P., Ragan, E. D., Yuksel, B. F., & Harrison, L. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173991 · Cited by 31
An Empirical Study on the Reliability of Perceiving Correlation Indices using Scatterplots
Sher, V., Bemis, K. G., Liccardi, I., & Chen, M. (2017) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.13168 · Cited by 31
Cultural Analytics in Large-Scale Visualization Environments
Yamaoka, S., Манович, Л., Douglass, J., & Kuester, F. (2011) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2011.363 · Cited by 30
Evaluating Perceptual Bias During Geometric Scaling of Scatterplots
Wei, Y., Mei, H., Zhao, Y., Zhou, S., Lin, B., Jiang, H., & Chen, W. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2934208 · Cited by 29
A Multi‐task Comparative Study on Scatter Plots and Parallel Coordinates Plots
Kanjanabose, R., Abdul‐Rahman, A., & Chen, M. (2015) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.12638 · Cited by 29
Oguchi, T., Yuichi, S. H., & Wasklewicz, T. A. (2011) · Developments in earth surface processes · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53446-0.00007-0 · Cited by 28
Analyzing the misperception of exponential growth in graphs
Ciccione, L., Sablé-Meyer, M., & Dehaene, S. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105112 · Cited by 27
Modeling the Influence of Visual Density on Cluster Perception in Scatterplots Using Topology
Quadri, G. J., & Rosen, P. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2020.3030365 · Cited by 28
Gandolfi, E. (2018) · Information Visualization · doi:10.1177/1473871617717075 · Cited by 24
Perpiñán, Ó., Sánchez-Urán, M. A., Álvarez, F., Ortego, J., & Garnacho, F. (2012) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2012.08.016 · Cited by 22
Automatic Scatterplot Design Optimization for Clustering Identification
Quadri, G. J., Nieves, J. A., Wiernik, B. M., & Rosen, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3189883 · Cited by 24
Emotion computing using Word Mover’s Distance features based on Ren_CECps
Ren, F., & Liu, N. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194136 · Cited by 21
Ciccione, L., Dehaene, G., & Dehaene, S. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0001065 · Cited by 19
André-Michel Guerry'sOrdonnateur Statistique: The First Statistical Calculator?
Friendly, M. L., & Agathe, N. D. S. (2012) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2012.714716 · Cited by 18
Self-citationVarela, M. E. (2020) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.11667458 · Cited by 20
Coordinating between Graphs and Science Concepts: Density and Buoyancy
Vitale, J. M., Applebaum, L. R., & Linn, M. C. (2019) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2018.1539736 · Cited by 19
Kang, A., Mun, D., Ryu, S., Lee, J. J., Oh, S., Kim, M. K., Song, M., Oh, S., & Kim, Y. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skac323 · Cited by 18
Relaxing Dense Scatter Plots with Pixel-Based Mappings
Raidou, R. G., Groller, E. M., & Eisemann, M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2019.2903956 · Cited by 17
The whole and its parts: Visualizing Gaussian mixture models
Giesen, J., Lucas, P., Pfeiffer, L., Schmalwasser, L., & Lawonn, K. (2024) · Visual Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.visinf.2024.04.005 · Cited by 16
Variation in scatterplot displays
Doherty, M. E., & Anderson, R. B. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.1.55 · Cited by 16
Raczyński, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-313384-8.00018-x · Cited by 16
Shi, X., Ren, B., & Hursthouse, A. S. (2021) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-021-01085-9 · Cited by 15
Fiber Uncertainty Visualization for Bivariate Data With Parametric and Nonparametric Noise Models
Athawale, T. M., Johnson, C. R., Sane, S., & Pugmire, D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3209424 · Cited by 15
Consumer Perception Factors for Fashion M-Commerce and its Impact on Loyalty among Working Adults
Donni, R., Dastane, O., Haba, H. F., & Selvaraj, K. (2018) · Business and Economic Research · doi:10.5296/ber.v8i2.13044 · Cited by 15
What makes a scatterplot hard to comprehend: data size and pattern salience matter
Wang, J., Cai, X., Su, J., Liao, Y., & Wu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Visualization · doi:10.1007/s12650-021-00778-8 · Cited by 15
Kluxen, F. M. (2019) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02509-3 · Cited by 15
Human age prediction using DNA methylation and regression methods
Karir, P., Goel, N., & Garg, V. K. (2019) · International Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s41870-019-00390-y · Cited by 14
Prediction of Sea Level with Vertical Land Movement Correction Using Deep Learning
Raj, N. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10234533 · Cited by 13
Enhancing Scatterplots with Multi‐Dimensional Focal Blur
Staib, J., Grottel, S., & Gumhold, S. (2016) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.12877 · Cited by 13
Visualization as a stimulus domain for vision science
Rensink, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.8.3 · Cited by 15
Sunspot Plots: Model‐based Structure Enhancement for Dense Scatter Plots
Trautner, T., Bolte, F., Stoppel, S., & Brückner, S. (2020) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.14001 · Cited by 12
Delgado, F., Enríquez, M., & Jaimes-Nájera, A. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11090543 · Cited by 12
Investigating the Visual Utility of Differentially Private Scatterplots
Panavas, L., Crnovrsanin, T., Adams, J. L., Ullman, J., Sarvghad, A., Tory, M. K., & Dunne, C. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3292391 · Cited by 12
Improving ranking quality and fairness in Swiss-system chess tournaments
Sauer, P., Cseh, Á., & Lenzner, P. (2024) · Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports · doi:10.1515/jqas-2022-0090 · Cited by 12
What can scatterplots teach us about doing data science better?
Goh, W. W. B., Foo, R. J. K., & Wong, L. (2022) · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics · doi:10.1007/s41060-022-00362-9 · Cited by 14
Sajinkumar, K. S., Rinu, S., Oommen, T., Vishnu, C. L., Praveen, K. R., Rani, V. R., & Muraleedharan, C. (2020) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04004-w · Cited by 11
Abramo, A. C., Scartozzoni, M., Lucena, T. W., & Sgarbi, R. G. (2018) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-018-1264-1 · Cited by 11
The Effects of Contrast on Correlation Perception in Scatterplots
Strain, G., Stewart, A. J., Warren, P. A., & Jay, C. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103040 · Cited by 10
Tassone, C., Martini, B., & Choo, K. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805303-4.00011-3 · Cited by 10
Deep Exploration of Multidimensional Data with Linkable Scatterplots
Nguyễn, Q. V., Simoff, S. J., Yu, Q., & Huang, M. L. (2016) · International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI) · doi:10.1145/2968220.2968248 · Cited by 10
Graphical methods for multivariate linear models in psychological research: An R tutorial
Friendly, M. L., & Sigal, M. J. (2017) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.13.1.p020 · Cited by 10
Self-citationValidation of Omron Wearable Blood Pressure Monitor HeartGuideTM in Free-Living Environments
Liang, Z., & Martell, M. A. C. (2021) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70569-5_22 · Cited by 9
Alam, M. S., Kamrujjaman, M., & Islam, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics · doi:10.4236/jamp.2020.86073 · Cited by 9
A visual analytics workflow for probabilistic modeling
Klaus, J., Blacher, M., Goral, A., Lucas, P., & Giesen, J. (2023) · Visual Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.visinf.2023.05.001 · Cited by 9
Ferrer, C. A., Haderlein, T., Maryn, Y., Bodt, M. S. D., & Nöth, E. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-17-0136 · Cited by 8
Visual Model Fit Estimation in Scatterplots: Influence of Amount and Decentering of Noise
Reimann, D., Blech, C., Ram, N., & Gaschler, R. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2021.3051853 · Cited by 8
Huang, Y. L., Wu, Y., Niu, S., & Gan, X. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20867-x · Cited by 8
Why scatter plots suggest causality, and what we can do about itPreprint
Bergstrom, C. T., & West, J. D. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1809.09328 · Cited by 8
De-Cluttering Scatterplots With Integral Images
Rave, H., Molchanov, V., & Linsen, L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2024.3381453 · Cited by 9
The Impact of Interactive Data Visualization on Decision-Making in Business Intelligence
Zhang, Q. (2024) · Advances in Economics Management and Political Sciences · doi:10.54254/2754-1169/87/20241056 · Cited by 7
A Space-Filling Multidimensional Visualization (SFMDVis for Exploratory Data Analysis
Huang, T.-H., Huang, M. L., Nguyễn, Q. V., & Zhao, L. (2014) · International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI) · doi:10.1145/2636240.2636841 · Cited by 7
Multifaceted Visualisation of Annotated Social Media Data
Bista, S. K., Nepal, ., & Paris, C. L. (2014) · IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.congress.2014.103 · Cited by 7
The Use of Graphics to Communicate Findings of Longitudinal Data in Design-Based Research
Francis, K., Jacobsen, M., & Friesen, S. (2014) · Journal of Information Technology Education Research · doi:10.28945/2081 · Cited by 7
Typicality effect in data graphs
Reimann, D., Struwe, M., Ram, N., & Gaschler, R. (2022) · Visual Communication · doi:10.1177/14703572221130445 · Cited by 6
Periodicity, visualization, and design
Marchese, F. T. (2012) · Foundations of Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10698-012-9154-0 · Cited by 6
Piotrowski, W., Kipouros, T., & Clarkson, P. J. (2019) · International Conference on e-Science · doi:10.1109/escience.2019.00045 · Cited by 9
A Space-Filling Multidimensional Visualization (SFMDVis) for Exploratory Data Analysis
Huang, T.-H., Huang, M. L., Nguyễn, Q. V., Zhao, L., Huang, W., & Chen, J. (2015) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2015.06.031 · Cited by 6
Visual Model Fit Estimation in Scatterplots and Distribution of Attention
Reimann, D., Blech, C., & Gaschler, R. (2020) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000499 · Cited by 6
Graphical Enhancements for Effective Exemplar Identification in Contextual Data Visualizations
Zhang, X., Cheng, S., & Mueller, K. D. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3170531 · Cited by 6
Multivariate Visualization by Density Estimation
Minnotte, M. C., Sain, S. R., & Scott, D. W. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33037-0_16 · Cited by 6
A Study in Distant Reading: Genre and the Longue Durée in the Age of AI
Goodlad, L. M. E. (2020) · Modern Language Quarterly · doi:10.1215/00267929-8637937 · Cited by 5
Weiß, I., & Vogel‐Heuser, B. (2018) · at - Automatisierungstechnik · doi:10.1515/auto-2017-0115 · Cited by 5
Truth or Truthiness: Distinguishing Fact from Fiction by Learning to Think Like a Data Scientist
Wainer, H. (2015) · Cited by 5
Furcila, D., García, M., Cosmin-Toader, N., Morales, J., LaTorre, A., Rodríguez, Á., Pastor, L., DeFelipe, J., & Alonso‐Nanclares, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00028 · Cited by 5
Wattimanela, H. J., & Latupeirissa, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1463/1/012002 · Cited by 5
Enhancing Scatter-plots with Start-plots for Visualising Multi-dimensional Data
Nguyễn, Q. V., Huang, M. L., & Simoff, S. J. (2020) · International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV) · doi:10.1109/iv51561.2020.00023 · Cited by 5
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper: Figures, Part 2
Mack, C. A. (2014) · Journal of Micro/Nanopatterning Materials and Metrology · doi:10.1117/1.jmm.13.1.010102 · Cited by 5
Scatterplot Summarization by Constructing Fast and Robust Principal Graphs from Skeletons
Matute, J., Fischer, M., Telea, A. C., & Linsen, L. (2019) · IEEE Pacific Visualization Symposium · doi:10.1109/pacificvis.2019.00018 · Cited by 4
OldVisOnline: Curating a Dataset of Historical Visualizations
Zhang, Y., Jiang, R., Xie, L., Zhao, Y., Liu, C., Ding, T., Chen, S., & Yuan, X. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2023.3326908 · Cited by 9
Mathematizing Nature's Messiness: Graphical Representations of Variation in Ecology, 1930-Present
Martin, L. J. (2016) · Environmental Humanities · doi:10.1215/22011919-3616335 · Cited by 4
Sclow Plots: Visualizing Empty Space
Giesen, J., Kühne, L., & Lucas, P. (2017) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.13175 · Cited by 4
Thiyagalingam, J., Walton, S., Duffy, B., Trefethen, A., & Chen, M. (2013) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.12098 · Cited by 4
ADHESIVE COATING VALUE BASED ON THE MAIN INGREDIENT OF SHIP PAINT
Suwasono, B., Putra, I. K. A. S., Kristiyono, T. A., & Azhar, A. (2021) · Brodogradnja · doi:10.21278/brod72202 · Cited by 4
Chen, X., Xu, G., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., & Teng, Z. (2023) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2023.105135 · Cited by 4
Visualizing Interactions Between Solar Photovoltaic Farms and the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Athawale, T. M., Stanislawski, B. J., Sane, S., & Johnson, C. R. (2021) · ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems (e-Energy) · doi:10.1145/3447555.3466599 · Cited by 4
Pemodelan Reward Rule Game Streamer Indonesia Tingkat Amatir dengan Orange Data Mining
Ambarsari, E. W. (2019) · STRING (Satuan Tulisan Riset dan Inovasi Teknologi) · doi:10.30998/string.v4i1.3606 · Cited by 4
A Century and a Half of Moral Statistics in the United Kingdom
Cook, R., & Wainer, H. (2012) · Significance · doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2012.00575.x · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Friendly, M., & Denis, D.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- University of Montana (US)
- ORCID
- Friendly, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-130
- ISSN
- 0022-5061 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6696
- OpenAlex
- W2140950617
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Data Visualization and Analytics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History of Science and Medicine
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History and Theory of Mathematics
- Keywords
- scatter plots, Francis Galton, correlation, regression analysis, multivariate analysis, smoothing, visual perception, history of science
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavioral Sciences, Data Display, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
