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The early origins and development of the scatterplot

Friendly, Michael, Denis, Daniel·2005·Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

DOI 10.1002/jhbs.20078

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Abstract

Of all the graphic forms used today, the scatterplot is arguably the most versatile, polymorphic, and generally useful invention in the history of statistical graphics. Its use by Galton led to the discovery of correlation and regression, and ultimately to much of present multivariate statistics. So, it is perhaps surprising that there is no one widely credited with the invention of this idea. Even more surprising is that there are few contenders for this title, and this question seems not to have been raised before. This article traces some of the developments in the history of this graphical method, the origin of the term scatterplot, the role it has played in the history of science, and some of its modern descendants. We suggest that the origin of this method can be traced to its unique advantage: the possibility to discover regularity in empirical data by smoothing and other graphic annotations to enhance visual perception.

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Authors: Friendly, M., & Denis, D.
Affiliations: York University (CA)
University of Montana (US)
ORCID: Friendly, Michael
Venue: Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2005
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 103-130
ISSN: 0022-5061 (ISSN-L)
1520-6696
DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.20078
OpenAlex: W2140950617
Cited by: 184
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 2.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 3895 d)
Locations: Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design › Data Visualization and Analytics
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History of Science and Medicine
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History and Theory of Mathematics
Keywords: scatter plots, Francis Galton, correlation, regression analysis, multivariate analysis, smoothing, visual perception, history of science
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavioral Sciences, Data Display, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century

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