Urban shading—a design option for the tropics? A study in Colombo, Sri Lanka
Abstract
Recent urban microclimate studies in Colombo, Sri Lanka, indicate that the maximum daily temperature within street canyons decreases with increasing height to width (H/W) ratio, but higher H/W ratio negatively affects street‐level wind flow. There is also evidence pointing to the cooling effect of sea breeze. The nocturnal heat island is small in contrast to daytime urban–rural differences. In this paper, we use the software ENVI‐met to simulate the effect of different urban design options on air and surface temperatures, as well as on outdoor thermal comfort. The latter is expressed as the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), an index based on air and radiant temperatures as well as wind and humidity. It is found that high albedo at street level gives the lowest air temperature during daytime, although the reduction is only about 1 °C. The lowest daytime mean radiant temperatures result from high H/W ratios of streets. This has a positive effect on thermal comfort; the increase of H/W ratio from about 1 to 3 leads to a decrease in PET by about 10 °C. Differences in air and surface temperatures, as well as PET, are small during the night. The results show that strategies that lead to better air temperature mitigation may not necessarily lead to better thermal comfort. However, shade enhancement through increased H/W ratios is clearly capable of significant reductions in PET, and thus, improved outdoor thermal comfort. Consequently, a critical urban design task in the humid tropics will be to guide the rapid urban growth towards efficient ‘shade growth’. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Outdoor urban shadings from buildings, trees, and umbrellas or shade covers can instigate cooling effects.
“Outdoor urban shadings from buildings, trees, and umbrellas/shade covers can also instigate cooling effects [83,85].”
From Heatwaves in South Asia: Characterization, Consequences on Human Health, and Adaptation Strategies (2022) · cites this paper as [85]
Large tree canopies and canopy-covered pedestrian areas result in thermal comfort during outdoor activities.
“Large tree canopies and canopy-covered pedestrian areas result in the thermal comfort of the community during outdoor activities [85].”
From Heatwaves in South Asia: Characterization, Consequences on Human Health, and Adaptation Strategies (2022) · cites this paper as [85]
Cites
Oke, T. R. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203407219 · Cited by 5,261 · see citing works
Thermal comfort: Analysis and applications in environmental engineering
Fanger, P. O. (1972) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/s0003-6870(72)80074-7 · Cited by 4,515 · see citing works
Arnfield, A. J. (2003) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.859 · Cited by 3,543 · see citing works
Höppe, P. (1999) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s004840050118 · Cited by 2,452 · see citing works
Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat
Taha, H. (1997) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/s0378-7788(96)00999-1 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
Ali-Toudert, F., & Mayer, H. (2005) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.013 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Analysis of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of its energy performance
Niachou, A., Papakonstantinou, K., Santamouris, M., Tsangrassoulis, A., & Mihalakakou, G. K. (2001) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/s0378-7788(01)00062-7 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Investigation of thermal benefits of rooftop garden in the tropical environment
Wong, N. H., Chen, Y., Ong, C. L., & Sia, A. (2002) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/s0360-1323(02)00066-5 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Johansson, E., & Emmanuel, R. (2006) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-006-0047-6 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of urban climate research in (sub)tropical regions
Roth, M. (2007) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.1591 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Ahmed, K. S. (2002) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/s0378-7788(02)00085-3 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Simulated Urban Climate Response to Modifications in Surface Albedo and Vegetative Cover
Sailor, D. J. (1995) · Journal of applied meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0450-34.7.1694 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Emmanuel, R., & Johansson, E. (2006) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr030189 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationMonitoring the energy-use effects of cool roofs on California commercial buildings
Akbari, H., Levinson, R., & Rainer, L. (2005) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.11.013 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A Neural Network for Tornado Prediction Based on Doppler Radar-Derived Attributes
Marzban, C., & Stumpf, G. J. (1996) · Journal of applied meteorology · doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Outdoor thermal comfort in the old desert city of Beni-Isguen, Algeria
Ali-Toudert, F., Djenane, M., Bensalem, R., & Mayer, H. (2005) · Climate Research · doi:10.3354/cr028243 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
An Urban Approach to Climate Sensitive Design : Strategies for the Tropics
Emmanuel, M. (2004) · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Impacts of vegetation on residential heating and cooling
McPherson, E. G., Herrington, L. P., & Heisler, G. M. (1988) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/0378-7788(88)90054-0 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
McPherson, E. G., Scott, K. I., & Simpson, J. R. (1998) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00180-5 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Barry, R. G., & Chorley, R. J. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203871027-17 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Experimental studies on a novel roof pond configuration for the cooling of buildings
Runsheng, T., Etzion, Y., & Erell, E. (2003) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/s0960-1481(03)00002-8 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
An Urban Approach To Climate Sensitive Design
Emmanuel, R. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203414644 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationSacramento’s parking lot shading ordinance: environmental and economic costs of compliance
McPherson, E. G. (2001) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/s0169-2046(01)00196-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Urban bioclimatic design strategies for a tropical city
de Assis, E. S., & Frota, A. B. (1999) · Atmospheric Environment · doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00155-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Analysis of the urban thermal environment with LANDSAT data
Nichol, J. E. (1996) · Environment and Planning B Planning and Design · doi:10.1068/b230733 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Urban microclimate and surface hydrometeorological processes
Jansson, C. (2006) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The New Landscape: Urbanization in the Third World
Gami, B. M., & Correa, C. (1991) · Journal of Architectural Education · doi:10.2307/1425269 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Urban climate and air quality in tropical cities
Jonsson, P. R. (2005) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lab., C. (. S. L. L. N., Fishman, B. E., USDOE, W., Environmental Protection Agency, W., Taha, H., & Akbari, H. (1994) · doi:10.2172/10180636 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rosenlund, H., Johansson, E., & Emmanuel, R. (2006) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldreich, Y. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0697-3_12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Magnitude of urban heat islands largely explained by climate and population
Manoli, G., Fatichi, S., Schläpfer, M., Yu, K., Crowther, T. W., Meili, N., Burlando, P., Katul, G. G., & Bou-Zeid, E. R. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1512-9 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
A study on the cooling effects of greening in a high-density city: An experience from Hong Kong
Ng, E., Chen, L., Wang, Y., & Yuan, C. (2011) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.014 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
A review on the CFD analysis of urban microclimate
Toparlar, Y., Blocken, B. J. E., Maiheu, B., & van Heijst, G. J. F. (2017) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.248 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort
Lin, T., Matzarakis, A., & Hwang, R. (2009) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.002 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Τσόκα, Σ., Tsikaloudaki, K., & Theodosiou, T. G. (2018) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.009 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Review on the impact of urban geometry and pedestrian level greening on outdoor thermal comfort
Jamei, E., Rajagopalan, P., Seyedmahmoudian, M., & Jamei, Y. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.104 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Tan, Z., Lau, K. K., & Ng, E. (2015) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.031 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Effect of tree planting design and tree species on human thermal comfort in the tropics
de Abreu-Harbich, L. V., Labaki, L. C., & Matzarakis, A. (2015) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.008 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Santamouris, M., Ding, L., Fiorito, F., Oldfield, P., Osmond, P., Paolini, R., Prasad, D. K., & Synnefa, A. (2016) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.006 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Salata, F., Golasi, I., Petitti, D., de Lieto Vollaro, E., Coppi, M., & de Lieto Vollaro, A. (2017) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.01.006 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Seasonal effects of urban street shading on long-term outdoor thermal comfort
Hwang, R., Lin, T., & Matzarakis, A. (2010) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.10.017 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Evaluation of a microclimate model for predicting the thermal behavior of different ground surfaces
Yang, X., Zhao, L., Bruse, M., & Meng, Q. (2012) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.11.008 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigating strategies: A case-based comparative analysis
O’Malley, C., Piroozfar, P. A. E., Farr, E. R. P., & Pomponi, F. (2015) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2015.05.009 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Regulation of outdoor thermal comfort by trees in Hong Kong
Kong, L., Lau, K. K., Yuan, C., Chen, Y., Xu, Y. P., Ren, C., & Ng, E. (2017) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.01.018 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Quantification of the effect of thermal indices and sky view factor on park attendance
Lin, T., Tsai, K.-T., Hwang, R., & Matzarakis, A. (2012) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.011 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Middel, A., Chhetri, N., & Quay, R. (2014) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.010 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Counteracting urban climate change: adaptation measures and their effect on thermal comfort
Müller, N., Kuttler, W., & Barlag, A.-B. (2013) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0890-4 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Chatzidimitriou, A., & Yannas, S. (2017) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.019 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Bröde, P., Krüger, E. L., Rossi, F. A., & Fiala, D. (2011) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-011-0452-3 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Green-Roof Effects on Neighborhood Microclimate and Human Thermal Sensation
Peng, L. L. H., & Jim, C. Y. (2013) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en6020598 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Lin, T., Tsai, K.-T., Liao, C.-C., & Huang, Y.-C. (2012) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.10.005 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Urban heat island and thermal comfort conditions at micro-climate scale in a tropical planned city
Qaid, A., Hussanudin, B. L., Ossen, D. R., & Shahminan, R. N. R. (2016) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.10.006 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Human thermal comfort in summer within an urban street canyon in Central Europe
Mayer, H., Holst, J., Dostal, P., Imbery, F., & Schindler, D. (2008) · Meteorologische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0285 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Giridharan, R., & Emmanuel, R. (2018) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.024 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing the cooling effects of a tree and a concrete shelter using PET and UTCI
Cheung, P. K., & Jim, C. Y. (2017) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.12.013 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Shashua‐Bar, L., Potchter, O., Bitan, A., Boltanski, D., & Yaakov, Y. (2009) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.1869 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Emmanuel, R., & Loconsole, A. (2015) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.012 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationSalata, F., Golasi, I., Vollaro, A. D. L., & Vollaro, R. D. L. (2015) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.010 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Vanos, J., Warland, J., Gillespie, T. J., & Kenny, N. (2010) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-010-0301-9 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Lau, K. K., Chung, S. C., & Ren, C. (2019) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.005 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Outdoor thermal comfort of shaded spaces in an urban park in the cold region of China
Xu, M., Hong, B., Jiang, R., An, L., & Zhang, T. (2019) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.049 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Impact of urban canyon geometries on outdoor thermal comfort in central business districts
Deng, J.-Y., & Wong, N. H. (2019) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101966 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Herath, P., Halwatura, R. U., & Jayasinghe, G. Y. (2017) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.11.013 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Lobaccaro, G., & Acero, J. A. (2015) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2015.10.002 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Chatzipoulka, C., Compagnon, R., & Nikolopoulou, M. (2016) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.005 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment
Chang, C., & Li, M.-H. (2014) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.08.001 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
A “Local Climate Zone” based approach to urban planning in Colombo, Sri Lanka
Perera, N., & Emmanuel, R. (2016) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2016.11.006 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationUrban Heat Island studies in South Asia: A critical review
Kotharkar, R., Ramesh, A., & Bagade, A. (2018) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2017.12.006 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Effects of vertical greenery on mean radiant temperature in the tropical urban environment
Tan, C. L., Wong, N. H., & Jusuf, S. K. (2014) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.005 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Chatzidimitriou, A., & Yannas, S. (2016) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.05.004 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Rahman, M. A., Moser-Reischl, A., Rötzer, T., & Pauleit, S. (2016) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.10.006 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Chatterjee, S., Khan, A., Dinda, A., Mithun, S., Khatun, R., Akbari, H., Kusaka, H., Mitra, C. Z., Bhatti, S. S., Doan, Q. V., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.299 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Yahia, M. W., Johansson, E., Thorsson, S., Lindberg, F., & Rasmussen, M. I. (2017) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1380-7 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationKántor, N., Chen, L., & Gál, C. (2017) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.030 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Elsadek, M., Liu, B., Lian, Z., & Xie, J. (2019) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.05.007 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
On the development of an urban passive thermal comfort system in Cairo, Egypt
Fahmy, M., & Sharples, S. (2009) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.01.010 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Algeciras, J. A. R., Consuegra, L. G., & Matzarakis, A. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.02.026 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Influence of sky view factor on outdoor thermal environment and physiological equivalent temperature
He, X., Miao, S., Shen, S., Li, J., Zhang, B., Zhang, Z., & Chen, X. (2014) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0841-5 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Effect of asymmetrical street aspect ratios on microclimates in hot, humid regions
Qaid, A., & Ossen, D. R. (2014) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0878-5 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Outdoor thermal comfort in public space in warm-humid Guayaquil, Ecuador
Johansson, E., Yahia, M. W., Arroyo, I., & Bengs, C. (2018) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1329-x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, W. L., Yu, W., Zhang, Z., Wei, C., & Wu, T. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164422 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Urban development and pedestrian thermal comfort in Melbourne
Jamei, E., & Rajagopalan, P. (2017) · Solar Energy · doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.023 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Urban geometry and the microclimate of street canyons in tropical climate
Muniz-Gäal, L. P., Pezzuto, C. C., de Carvalho, M. F. H., & Mota, L. T. M. (2019) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106547 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Martinelli, L., Lin, T., & Matzarakis, A. (2015) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.04.013 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Martins, T. A. D. L., Adolphe, L., Bonhomme, M., Bonneaud, F., Faraut, S., Ginestet, S., Michel, C., & Guyard, W. (2016) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Abdollahzadeh, N., & Biloria, N. M. (2020) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2020.11.006 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Aboelata, A. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106712 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Middel, A., AlKhaled, S. R., Schneider, F. A., Hagen, B., & Coseo, P. J. (2021) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-20-0193.1 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kong, F., Sun, C., Liu, F., Yin, H., Jiang, F., Pu, Y., Cavan, G., Skelhorn, C., Middel, A., & Dronova, I. (2016) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.070 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Rosso, F., Golasi, I., Castaldo, V. L., Piselli, C., Pisello, A. L., Salata, F., Ferrero, M., Cotana, F., & Vollaro, A. D. L. (2017) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.11.074 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Roth, M., & Lim, V. H. (2016) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.026 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Lam, C. K. C., Lee, H., Yang, S.-R., & Park, S. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102971 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Lau, K. K., & Choi, C. Y. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108333 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Shashua‐Bar, L., Tsiros, I. X., & Hoffman, M. E. (2010) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.06.008 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Challenges of using air conditioning in an increasingly hot climate
Kownacki, K. L., Hornyánszky, E. D., Chu, T. A., Olsson, J. A., & Becker, P. (2017) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1493-z · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Outdoor thermal comfort and summer PET range: A field study in tropical city Dhaka
Sharmin, T., Steemers, K., & Humphreys, M. (2019) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.064 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Krüger, E. L., Pearlmutter, D., & Rasia, F. (2009) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.034 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Bakker, F., de Groot, R. S., Wörtche, H. J., & Leemans, R. (2015) · Urban Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s11252-015-0447-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Deng, X., Nie, W., Li, X., Wu, J., Yin, Z., Han, J., Pan, H., & Lam, C. K. C. (2023) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110133 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Validation of seasonal mean radiant temperature simulations in hot arid urban climates
Crank, P. J., Middel, A., Wagner, M. A., Hoots, D., Smith, M., & Brazel, A. J. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141392 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Numerical modelling of mean radiant temperature in high-density sub-tropical urban environment
Lau, K. K., Ren, C., Ho, J., & Ng, E. (2015) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.035 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Chen, L., Yu, B., Yang, F., & Mayer, H. (2016) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.09.014 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Du, S., Zhang, X., Jin, X., Zhou, X., & Shi, X. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108860 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Algeciras, J. A. R., Tablada, A., Yeras, M. T. C., Pérez, G. A. D. L. P., & Matzarakis, A. (2018) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.082 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Mutani, G., & Todeschi, V. (2020) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos11020123 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Narimani, N., Karimi, A., & Brown, R. D. (2022) · Ecological Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101671 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Castaldo, V. L., Pisello, A. L., Piselli, C., Fabiani, C., Cotana, F., & Santamouris, M. (2018) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.04.090 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Urban design parameters for heat mitigation in tropics
Jamei, E., Ossen, D. R., Seyedmahmoudian, M., Sandanayake, M. S., Stojcevski, A., & Horan, B. (2020) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2020.110362 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Wu, J., Liu, C., & Wang, H. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108568 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Effects of Landscape Design on Urban Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in Tropical Climate
Yang, W. H., Lin, Y., & Li, C. (2018) · Advances in Meteorology · doi:10.1155/2018/2809649 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Τσόκα, Σ., Tsikaloudaki, K., & Theodosiou, T. G. (2017) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.09.066 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Elwy, I., Ibrahim, Y., Fahmy, M., & Mahdy, M. M. (2018) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Baruti, M. M., Johansson, E., & Åstrand, J. (2019) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01757-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationThermal bioclimate in idealized urban street canyons in Campinas, Brazil
de Abreu-Harbich, L. V., Labaki, L. C., & Matzarakis, A. (2013) · Theoretical and Applied Climatology · doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0886-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Lau, K. K., Lindberg, F., Rayner, D. P., & Thorsson, S. (2014) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0898-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Temporal variations in microclimate cooling induced by urban trees in Mainz, Germany
Lindén, J., Fonti, P., & Esper, J. (2016) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.09.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Li, J., Niu, J., Mak, C. M., Huang, T., & Xie, Y. (2019) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101793 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Micro-scale thermal performance of tropical urban parks in Singapore
Hwang, Y. H., Lum, Q. J. G., & Chan, Y. K. D. (2015) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.10.003 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Urban Warming and Cities’ Microclimates: Investigation Methods and Mitigation Strategies—A Review
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, K., Theodosiou, T., & Bikas, D. (2020) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en13061414 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Yahia, M. W., & Johansson, E. (2012) · Journal of Housing and the Built Environment · doi:10.1007/s10901-012-9280-y · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationHeatwaves in South Asia: Characterization, Consequences on Human Health, and Adaptation Strategies
Sharma, A., Andhikaputra, G., & Wang, Y.-C. (2022) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos13050734 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Banerjee, S., Ching, G. N. Y., Yik, S. K., Dzyuban, Y., Crank, P. J., Pek, R. X. Y., & Chow, W. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109646 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Giannopoulou, K., Santamouris, M., Livada, I., Georgakis, C. G., & Caouris, Y. G. (2010) · Pure and Applied Geophysics · doi:10.1007/s00024-010-0099-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Johansson, E., Spangenberg, J., Gouvêa, M. L., & de Freitas, E. D. (2013) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2013.08.003 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationCheung, P. K., Livesley, S. J., & Nice, K. A. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102974 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Modelling the influence of high-rise urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in Singapore
Acero, J. A., Koh, E. J. Y., Ruefenacht, L. A., & Norford, L. K. (2021) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100775 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A parametric optimisation study of urban geometry design to assess outdoor thermal comfort
Ibrahim, Y., Kershaw, T., Shepherd, P., & Elwy, I. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103352 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Huang, K.-T., Lin, T., & Lien, H.-C. (2015) · Advances in Meteorology · doi:10.1155/2015/423508 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chen, L., & Ng, E. (2012) · Architectural Science Review · doi:10.1080/00038628.2012.684871 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Detommaso, M., Costanzo, V., & Nocera, F. (2021) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100895 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
- Authors
- Emmanuel, R., Rosenlund, H., & Johansson, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Moratuwa (LK)
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Emmanuel, R.
- Venue
- International Journal of Climatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-09-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1995-2004
- ISSN
- 0899-8418 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0088
- OpenAlex
- W1996187877
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Climatology (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Wind and Air Flow Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Keywords
- urban shading, urban microclimate, outdoor thermal comfort, physiological equivalent temperature, surface albedo, mean radiant temperature, urban heat island, ENVI-met simulation, urban design, humid tropics, Colombo
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
