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Cited by 25Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchPeriodontal Regeneration and TreatmentsOral and gingival health research

Evaluation of galectin‐3, peptidylarginine deiminase‐4, and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels in gingival crevicular fluid for periodontal health, gingivitis, and Stage III Grade C periodontitis: A pilot study

Akkaya, Hazal Üstünel, Yılmaz, Huriye Erbak, Narin, Figen, Sağlam, Mehmet·2022·Journal of Periodontology
DOI 10.1002/jper.21-0137
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Abstract

Background: Comparing the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of galectin‐3, peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in individuals with stage III grade C periodontitis and gingivitis and with healthy periodontium was the purpose of this clinical research. Methods: Sixty systemically healthy and non‐smoker individuals consisting of stage III grade C periodontitis (group S3P/n = 20), gingivitis (group G/n = 20), and periodontally healthy (group HP/n = 20) were recruited for this research. Clinical parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing were recorded in periodontal charts. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method was used in evaluating the GCF levels of galectin‐3, PAD4, and TNF‐α for study groups. Results: The GCF galectin‐3 total amount was highest in group S3P compared with group G and group HP (P <0.05). Its total amount was also higher in group G compared with group HP (P <0.05). The GCF PAD4 total amount was higher in group S3P compared with group HP (P <0.05) but was similar with group G (P >0.05). Its total amounts were also similar in group G and group HP (P >0.05). The GCF TNF‐α total amounts were similar in group S3P and group G (P >0.05) but significantly greater than the group HP (P ˂0.05). The GCF galectin‐3, PAD4, and TNF‐α concentrations were lower in the group S3P and group G compared with the group HP (P <0.05). There were significant positive correlations between GCF galectin‐3 total amount and all clinical parameters (P ˂0.01) and also between GCF galectin‐3 and TNF‐α total amounts (P ˂0.01). There was no correlation between PAD4 and clinical parameters, or between PAD4 and TNF‐α (P >0.05). Conclusions: Galectin‐3 and PAD4 may be involved in the periodontal disease pathogenesis considering the elevated levels of these molecules in periodontal disease. These biomarkers may be used in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

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Crossref · 10.1002/jper.21-0137

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  • Specific risk factors for periodontitis, including cigarette smoking and poor glycemic control, are currently accepted grade modifiers.

    “Specific risk factors for periodontitis, including cigarette smoking and poor glycemic control, are currently accepted grade modifiers; however, additional oral and systemic inflammatory biomarkers have been under investigation for their possible use as prognostic indicators for periodontitis. 13 , 14 , 15”

    From Prognostic utility of oral neutrophil counts in high-risk periodontitis: A retrospective study (2025) · cites this paper as [13]

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Authors
Akkaya, H. Ü., Yılmaz, H. E., Narin, F., & Sağlam, M.
Affiliations
  • Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University (TR)
  • Dokuz Eylül University (TR)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Periodontology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-05-10
Volume
93
Issue
1
Pages
80-88
ISSN
  • 0022-3492 (ISSN-L)
  • 1943-3670
DOI
10.1002/jper.21-0137
OpenAlex
W3159789662
Cited by
25
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10
FWCI
4.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Periodontology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Oral and gingival health research
Keywords
PAD4, TNF-α, gingival crevicular fluid, periodontitis, gingivitis, periodontal biomarkers, clinical attachment level, probing depth, bleeding on probing, periodontal inflammation, periodontal disease severity, periodontal health, gingival index
MeSH terms
Protein-Arginine Deiminases, Protein-Arginine Deiminase Type 4, Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Gingivitis, Humans, Periodontitis, Pilot Projects, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Galectin 3

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