Solid‐state Properties of Creatine Monohydrate
Abstract
Creatine monohydrate (CM) is a nutritional supplement and an ergogenic aid for athletes. It appears to increase lean body mass, high-intensity power output and strength in healthy humans. The crystal structure of creatine monohydrate has previously been reported. However, little information is available on its solid-state properties. In this investigation, creatine monohydrate was subjected to Thermal Analyses, Karl-Fisccher Titrimetry (KFT), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Variable Temperature X-ray Powder Diffractometry (VTXRD) to characterize its solid-state properties. The results of this study suggested that commercially available creatine monohydrate dehydrates at about 97-125 degrees C. A phase transition after dehydration was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. This dehydrated phase at a temperature above 230 degrees C undergoes intramolecular cyclization with a loss of an additional mole of water to form creatinine. Creatinine finally melts with decomposition at about 290 degrees C. VTXRD, confirmed that the above solid-state thermal transformation was kinetically driven, and occurred within a narrow temperature range. Mass Spectrometric (MS) studies further indicated a possible dimerization of creatinine formed during the solid-state transformation.
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These XRD patterns were identical to that of creatine monohydrate as already published elsewhere.
“However, these patterns were identical to that of creatine monohydrate as already published elsewhere.10”
From Evaluation of the stability of creatine in solution prepared from effervescent creatine formulations (2003) · cites this paper as [10]
Anhydrous creatine then undergoes intramolecular cyclization with removal of 1 mol of water to form creatinine.
“Anhydrous creatine then undergoes intramolecular cyclization with removal of 1 mol of water to form creatinine.”
From Evaluation of the stability of creatine in solution prepared from effervescent creatine formulations (2003) · cites this paper as [10]
The creatinine formed finally melts with decomposition.
“The creatinine formed finally melts with decomposition. 10”
From Evaluation of the stability of creatine in solution prepared from effervescent creatine formulations (2003) · cites this paper as [10]
Creatine monohydrate dehydrates to form anhydrous creatine from 97°C to 125°C with a subsequent phase change.
“According to this report, creatine monohydrate dehydrates to form anhydrous creatine from 97°C to 125°C with a subsequent phase change.”
From Evaluation of the stability of creatine in solution prepared from effervescent creatine formulations (2003) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Mo, 1999, Solid‐state properties of creatine monohydrate, AAPS PharmSci, 1, S
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Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine
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Evaluation of the stability of creatine in solution prepared from effervescent creatine formulations
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Dash, A. K., Mo, Y., & Pyne, A.
- Affiliations
- Creighton University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dash, Alekha K.
- Venue
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 708-718
- ISSN
- 0022-3549 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2110346048
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Crystallization and Solubility Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals
- Keywords
- creatine monohydrate, solid-state properties, dehydration, phase transitions, intramolecular cyclization, creatinine, thermal decomposition, ergogenic aids, dietary supplements
- MeSH terms
- Chemistry, Physical, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Creatine, Differential Thermal Analysis, Kinetics, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Solubility, Mass Spectrometry, X-Ray Diffraction, Chemical Phenomena
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