The effects of elevated CO 2 on the growth and toxicity of field populations and cultures of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense: Effects of elevated CO 2 on A. fundyense
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The effects of coastal acidification on the growth and toxicity of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense were examined in culture and ecosystem studies. In culture experiments, Alexandrium strains isolated from Northport Bay, New York, and the Bay of Fundy, Canada, grew significantly faster (16–190%; p < 0.05) when exposed to elevated levels of P CO 2 (∼ 90–190 Pa = 900–1900 μatm) compared to lower levels (∼ 40 Pa = 400 μatm). Exposure to higher levels of P CO 2 also resulted in significant increases (71–81%) in total cellular toxicity (fg saxitoxin equivalents cell−1) in the Northport Bay strain, while no changes in toxicity were detected in the Bay of Fundy strain. The positive relationship between P CO 2 enrichment and elevated growth was reproducible in natural populations from New York waters. Alexandrium densities were significantly and consistently enhanced when natural populations were incubated at 150 Pa P CO 2 compared to ∼ 39 Pa. During natural Alexandrium blooms in Northport Bay, P CO 2 concentrations increased over the course of a bloom to more than 170 Pa and were highest in regions with the greatest Alexandrium abundances, suggesting Alexandrium may further exacerbate acidification and/or be especially adapted to these acidified conditions. The co-occurrence of Alexandrium blooms and elevated P CO 2 represents a previously unrecognized, compounding environmental threat to coastal ecosystems. The ability of elevated P CO 2 to enhance the growth and toxicity of Alexandrium indicates that acidification promoted by eutrophication or climate change can intensify these, and perhaps other, harmful algal blooms.
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Higher CO2 levels potentially benefit some, but not all, photosynthetic organisms.
“higher CO2 levels potentially benefiting some, but not all, photosynthetic organisms [2, 5–6].”
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SOURCE OF INORGANIC CARBON FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN TWO MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES1
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Temperature controls the toxicity of the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides
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“…Argopecten irradians · Menidia beryllina · Cyprinodon variegatus Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Mar Ecol Prog Ser 545: 63–76, 2016 limiting conditions and ocean acidification (Halle - graeff 2010, Tatters et al. 2012, Hattenrath-Lehmann et al. 2015).”
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“…2011b) have potential implications for HAB dynamics, with members of the A. tamarense species complex showing increased growth and toxicity under conditions of high pCO2 (Fu et al., 2012; Hattenrath-Lehmann et al., 2015), a response apparently exacerbated by N limitation (Eberlein et al., 2016).”
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Grazers modify the dinoflagellate relationship between toxin production and cell growth
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Self-citationThe organizing effects of elevated CO2 on competition among estuarine primary producers
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“Nearshore Alexandrium blooms in NY can display significant spatial and temporal variability (Hattenrath-Lehmann et al., 2015; Hattenrath et al., 2010) which would be reflected in shellfish toxicity (Hattenrath et al., 2010).”
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Ocean acidification and food limitation combine to suppress herbivory by the gastropod Lacuna vincta
Young, C., Lowell, A. V., Peterson, B. J., & Gobler, C. (2019) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps13087 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the proliferation, death, and decomposition of macroalgal mats can result in the accumulation of sulfides, significantly reducing DO concen - trations (Hauxwell et al. 2001) and increasing levels of pCO2 (Wallace et al. 2014).”
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“…to be at risk from ocean acidification (OA) (Jennerjahn, 2012) with elevated pCO2 concentrations known to increase both the growth and toxicity of toxic phytoplankton communities (Kremp et al., 2012; Tatters et al., 2013; Errera et al., 2014; Hattenrath-Lehmann et al., 2015; Pang et al., 2017).”
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“Elevated CO2 levels have been confirmed to stimulate the growth of many phytoplankton species, including the diatom Pseudo nitzschia sp [41], the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo [42,43], and Alexandrium fundyense [44].”
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“Despite the potential benefits that ocean acidification may provide to some primary producers (Koch et al. 2013, Hattenrath-Lehmann et al. 2015, Young & Gobler 2016), grazing pressure by common herbivores, such as gastropods, may limit the extent of these benefits through top-down controls on…”
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Global Warming and Climate Change
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- Authors
- Hattenrath-Lehmann, T. K., Smith, J. L., Wallace, R. B., Merlo, L. R., Koch, F., Mittelsdorf, H., Goleski, J. A., Anderson, D. M., & Gobler, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gobler, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Limnology and Oceanography
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-12-31
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 198-214
- ISSN
- 0024-3590 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5055070
- OpenAlex
- W2153995609
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Limnology and Oceanography (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- New York Sea Grant (R/CMB-38-NYCT)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Monitoring and Event Response to Harmful Algal Blooms (MERHAB) program (NA11NOS4780027)
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, National Science Foundation (NSF) Ocean Sciences (OCE-1128041, OCE-1314642)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1-P50-ES021923-01)
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (1427)
- MERHAB (180)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Marine Toxins and Detection Methods
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Keywords
- Alexandrium fundyense, elevated CO2, ocean acidification, saxitoxin, harmful algal blooms, dinoflagellate growth, paralytic shellfish poisoning, Bay of Fundy, eutrophication, climate change, natural populations
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