Cited by 79Ocean Acidification Effects and ResponsesMarine Toxins and Detection MethodsMarine and coastal ecosystems

The effects of elevated CO 2 on the growth and toxicity of field populations and cultures of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense: Effects of elevated CO 2 on A. fundyense

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Hattenrath-Lehmann, Theresa K., Smith, Juliette L., Wallace, Ryan B., Merlo, Lucas R., Koch, Florian, Mittelsdorf, Heidi, Goleski, Jennifer A., Anderson, Donald M. +1 more·2015·Limnology and Oceanography

Abstract

The effects of coastal acidification on the growth and toxicity of the saxitoxin-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense were examined in culture and ecosystem studies. In culture experiments, Alexandrium strains isolated from Northport Bay, New York, and the Bay of Fundy, Canada, grew significantly faster (16–190%; p < 0.05) when exposed to elevated levels of P CO 2 (∼ 90–190 Pa = 900–1900 μatm) compared to lower levels (∼ 40 Pa = 400 μatm). Exposure to higher levels of P CO 2 also resulted in significant increases (71–81%) in total cellular toxicity (fg saxitoxin equivalents cell−1) in the Northport Bay strain, while no changes in toxicity were detected in the Bay of Fundy strain. The positive relationship between P CO 2 enrichment and elevated growth was reproducible in natural populations from New York waters. Alexandrium densities were significantly and consistently enhanced when natural populations were incubated at 150 Pa P CO 2 compared to ∼ 39 Pa. During natural Alexandrium blooms in Northport Bay, P CO 2 concentrations increased over the course of a bloom to more than 170 Pa and were highest in regions with the greatest Alexandrium abundances, suggesting Alexandrium may further exacerbate acidification and/or be especially adapted to these acidified conditions. The co-occurrence of Alexandrium blooms and elevated P CO 2 represents a previously unrecognized, compounding environmental threat to coastal ecosystems. The ability of elevated P CO 2 to enhance the growth and toxicity of Alexandrium indicates that acidification promoted by eutrophication or climate change can intensify these, and perhaps other, harmful algal blooms.

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Authors
Hattenrath-Lehmann, T. K., Smith, J. L., Wallace, R. B., Merlo, L. R., Koch, F., Mittelsdorf, H., Goleski, J. A., Anderson, D. M., & Gobler, C. J.
Affiliations
  • Stony Brook University (US)
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (US)
Corresponding author
Gobler, Christopher J.
Venue
Limnology and Oceanography
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-12-31
Volume
60
Issue
1
Pages
198-214
ISSN
0024-3590 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2153995609
Cited by
79
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
FWCI
3.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Limnology and Oceanography (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • New York Sea Grant (R/CMB-38-NYCT)
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Monitoring and Event Response to Harmful Algal Blooms (MERHAB) program (NA11NOS4780027)
  • Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, National Science Foundation (NSF) Ocean Sciences (OCE-1128041, OCE-1314642)
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1-P50-ES021923-01)
  • School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (1427)
  • MERHAB (180)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Marine Toxins and Detection Methods
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
Keywords
Alexandrium fundyense, elevated CO2, ocean acidification, saxitoxin, harmful algal blooms, dinoflagellate growth, paralytic shellfish poisoning, Bay of Fundy, eutrophication, climate change, natural populations

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