The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biodegradable Polylactide and Its Nanocomposites: Opening a New Dimension for Plastics and Composites
Abstract
The academic and industrial aspects of the preparation, characterization, mechanical and materials properties, crystallization behavior, melt rheology, and foam processing of pure polylactide (PLA) and PLA/layered silicate nanocomposites are described in this feature article. Recently, these materials have attracted considerable interest in polymer science research. PLA is linear aliphatic thermoplastic polyester and is made from agricultural products. Hectorite and montmorillonite are among the most commonly used smectite‐type layered silicates for the preparation of nanocomposites. Smectites are a valuable mineral class for industrial applications because of their high cation exchange capacities, surface area, surface reactivity, adsorptive properties, and, in the case of hectorite, high viscosity, and transparency in solution. In their pristine form, they are hydrophilic in nature, and this property makes them very difficult to disperse into a polymer matrix. The most common way to overcome this difficulty is to replace interlayer cations with quaternized ammonium or phosphonium cations, preferably with long alkyl chains. In general, polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites are of three different types: (1) intercalated nanocomposites, in which insertion of polymer chains into the layered silicate structure occurs in a crystallographically regular fashion, regardless of polymer to layered silicate ratio, with a repeat distance of few nanometer; (2) flocculated nanocomposites, in which intercalated and stacked silicate layers are sometimes flocculated due to the hydroxylated edge–edge interactions between the silicate layers; (3) exfoliated nanocomposites, in which individual silicate layers are uniformly distributed in the polymer matrix by average distances that totally depend on the layered silicate loading. This new family of composite materials frequently exhibits remarkable improvements in its material properties when compared with those of virgin PLA. Improved properties can include a high storage modulus both in the solid and melt states, increased flexural properties, a decrease in gas permeability, increased heat distortion temperature, an increase in the rate of biodegradability of pure PLA, and so forth. Illustration of the biodegradability of PLA and various nanocomposites. magnified imageIllustration of the biodegradability of PLA and various nanocomposites.
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“Lactide has three stereo configurations—l-lactide, mesolactide, and d-lactide—as shown in Figure 3 [42].”
From Synthesis and Biological Application of Polylactic Acid (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“As a nanocomposite, the properties of PLA can be improved by adding modified additives during synthesis, or by directly blending it with other polymers.”
From Synthesis and Biological Application of Polylactic Acid (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ray, S. S., & Okamoto, M.
- Affiliations
- Toyota Technological Institute (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Ray, Suprakas Sinha
- Venue
- Macromolecular Rapid Communications
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 815-840
- ISSN
- 1022-1336 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3927
- OpenAlex
- W2037959854
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 12.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Macromolecular Rapid Communications (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
- Keywords
- polylactic acid, PLA nanocomposites, phyllosilicates, hectorite, montmorillonite, smectite, polymer-clay nanocomposites, intercalation, exfoliation, flocculation, biodegradability, mechanical properties, crystallization behavior, melt rheology, foam processing, gas permeability, heat deflection temperature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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