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Cited by 21Microbial Community Ecology and PhysiologyGut microbiota and healthMollusks and Parasites Studies

Microbial diversity of garden snail mucus

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Belouhova, Mihaela, Daskalova, Elmira, Yotinov, Ivaylo, Topalova, Yana, Velkova, Lyudmila, Dolashki, Aleksander, Dolashka, Pavlina·2022·MicrobiologyOpen
DOI 10.1002/mbo3.1263PMC PMC8822593
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Abstract

The search for new natural compounds for application in medicine and cosmetics is a trend in biotechnology. One of the sources of such active compounds is the snail mucus. Snail physiology and the biological activity of their fluids (especially the mucus) are still poorly studied. Only a few previous studies explored the relationship between snails and their microbiome. The present study was focused on the biodiversity of the snail mucus used in the creation of cosmetic products, therapeutics, and nutraceuticals. The commonly used cultivation techniques were applied for the determination of the number of major bacterial groups. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for key taxa was performed. The obtained images were subjected to digital image analysis. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was also done. The results showed that the mucus harbors a rich bacterial community (10.78 × 10 10 CFU/ml). Among the dominant bacteria, some are known for their ability to metabolize complex polysaccharides or are usually found in soil and plants (Rhizobiaceae, Shewanella, Pedobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes). The obtained data demonstrated that the snail mucus creates a unique environment for the development of the microbial community that differs from other parts of the animal and which resulted from the combined contribution of the microbiomes derived from the soil, plants, and the snails.

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  • Snail secretion consists of a diluted network of polymers and low molecular substances.

    “Snail secretion consists of a diluted network of polymers and low molecular substances [5,8,22,24,25,29].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results report low-molecular-weight metabolites in snail mucus, and the Discussion says complex polysaccharides can be found in it. Neither section describes the secretion as a diluted network of polymers, so that structural description is not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Microbiological tests using differential diagnostic agar media confirmed that many saprophytic bacteria were found in snail mucus samples, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococci bacteria in some samples.

    “Microbiological tests using differential diagnostic agar media confirmed that many saprophytic bacteria were found in the snail mucus samples, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococci bacteria in some samples [5].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Microbiological analyses section describes agar-based cultivation, and the Results report abundant bacteria in snail mucus. However, the Results do not identify Escherichia coli or Staphylococci in the mucus. The Discussion mentions E. coli only as a strain against which mucus fractions showed antibacterial activity, not as a bacterium found in the samples (pages not provided). (LLM, conf=0.89)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Garden snail mucus consists of 90-99% water and glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid), allantoin, metalloproteins containing copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, glycoproteins, polyphenols, various enzymes, peptides, proteins, different vitamins, glycolic acid, etc.

    “The garden snail mucus consists of 90–99% water and glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid), allantoin, metalloproteins containing copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, glycoproteins (mucin, lectin, and mitomycin), polyphenols, various enzymes, peptides, proteins, different vitamins, glycolic acid, etc.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

    The Results (page unavailable) identify peptides in Cornu aspersum mucus, and the Discussion (page unavailable) says proteins and glycopeptides occur in mollusk mucus. Our copy does not substantiate the claimed 90–99% water content or the listed hyaluronic acid, allantoin, metals, polyphenols, vitamins, and glycolic acid; searches for the percentage and those constituents found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Sequencing showed that the mucus microbiome of C. aspersum has unique characteristics, and its representatives belonged to the Acinetobacter genus, Rhizobiaceae family, Pedobacter, Aeromonas, Shewanella, and Alcaligenes genera.

    “In addition, sequencing showed that the mucus microbiome of C. aspersum has unique characteristics, and its representatives belonged to the Acinetobacter genus, Rhizobiaceae family, Pedobacter, Aeromonas, Shewanella, and Alcaligenes genera [5].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

  • Snail mucus is too rich in bacteria, at 10.78 × 10^10 CFU/mL.

    “because snail mucus is too rich in bacteria (10.78 × 1010 CFU/mL) [5].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [5]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Belouhova, M., Daskalova, E., Yotinov, I., Topalova, Y., Velkova, L., Dolashki, A., & Dolashka, P.
Affiliations
  • Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG)
  • Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BG)
Corresponding author
Belouhova, Mihaela
ORCID
Venue
MicrobiologyOpen
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-02
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
e1263-e1263
ISSN
2045-8827 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/mbo3.1263
PMC
PMC8822593
OpenAlex
W4210922537
Cited by
21
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
FWCI
2.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • MicrobiologyOpen (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Bulgarian National Science Fund (DН01/14/19.12.2016)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Mollusks and Parasites Studies
Keywords
snail mucus, Helix aspersa, Helicidae, bacterial diversity, bacterial community composition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, polysaccharide metabolism, Rhizobiaceae, Shewanella, Pedobacter, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, cosmetic ingredients, nutraceuticals, therapeutics
MeSH terms
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Bacteria, Isoelectric Point, Mucus, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Snails, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Computational Biology, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Metagenomics, Microbiota

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