Cognitive and behavioral improvement in adults with fragile X syndrome treated with metformin‐two cases
Open accessAbstract
Background: The majority of individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) have intellectual disability, behavioral problems, autism, and language deficits. IQ typically declines with age in boys with the full mutation. The results of preclinical studies demonstrated that metformin, a biguanide used to treat type 2 diabetes, rescues multiple phenotypes of FXS in both Drosophila and mouse models. Preliminary studies of patients with FXS demonstrated improvements in behavior. Methods: Here, we present two cases of individuals who have been treated with metformin clinically for one year. Results: Both patients demonstrated significant cognitive and behavioral improvements. They also improved eating habits and normalization of their weight percentiles. Conclusion: Metformin may be a candidate drug for treatment of several types of symptoms in individuals with FXS.
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Two adults with FXS improved their IQ when using metformin for over one year.
“and two adults with FXS improved their IQ when using metformin for over one year [112].”
From An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [112]
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An Update on Psychopharmacological Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Aishworiya, R., Valica, T., Hagerman, R., & Restrepo, B. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01183-1 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Protic, D., Aydin, E. Y., Tassone, F., Tan, M. M., Hagerman, R. J., & Schneider, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schneider, Andrea
- Venue
- Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-05-18
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e00745-e00745
- ISSN
- 2324-9269 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6625129
- OpenAlex
- W2946168472
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1 TR001860)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U54 HD079125)
- Azrieli Foundation (U54 HD079125)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1 TR001860)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- fragile X syndrome, metformin, biguanides, cognitive enhancement, behavior improvement, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, dietary habits, weight normalization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Fragile X Syndrome, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Metformin
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