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Cited by 1,155Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced NMR Techniques and ApplicationsLanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): what is in a name and what isn't?

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van Zijl, Peter C. M., Yadav, Nirbhay N.·2011·Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
DOI 10.1002/mrm.22761PMC PMC3148076
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Abstract

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging is a relatively new magnetic resonance imaging contrast approach in which exogenous or endogenous compounds containing either exchangeable protons or exchangeable molecules are selectively saturated and after transfer of this saturation, detected indirectly through the water signal with enhanced sensitivity. The focus of this review is on basic magnetic resonance principles underlying CEST and similarities to and differences with conventional magnetization transfer contrast. In CEST magnetic resonance imaging, transfer of magnetization is studied in mobile compounds instead of semisolids. Similar to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST has contributions of both chemical exchange and dipolar cross‐relaxation, but the latter can often be neglected if exchange is fast. Contrary to magnetization transfer contrast, CEST imaging requires sufficiently slow exchange on the magnetic resonance time scale to allow selective irradiation of the protons of interest. As a consequence, magnetic labeling is not limited to radio‐frequency saturation but can be expanded with slower frequency‐selective approaches such as inversion, gradient dephasing and frequency labeling. The basic theory, design criteria, and experimental issues for exchange transfer imaging are discussed. A new classification for CEST agents based on exchange type is proposed. The potential of this young field is discussed, especially with respect to in vivo application and translation to humans. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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  • Differences in APT may also be influenced by pH and longitudinal relaxation time (T1), meaning that as a biomarker, CEST distinguishes normal controls from rTg4510 mice but does so in a non-specific manner.

    “However the differences in APT may also be influenced by pH and the longitudinal relaxation time (T1), which may change due to cell death, for example (van Zijl and Yadav, 2011), meaning that as a biomarker, CEST distinguishes normal controls from rTg4510 mice but does so in a non-specific manner.”

    From In vivo imaging of tau pathology using multi-parametric quantitative MRI (2015) · cites this paper as van Zijl and Yadav, 2011

    The paper’s ‘In vivo CEST imaging and translation to humans’ section says pH reduction can reduce APT/CEST contrast, and ‘Signal and Parameter Quantification’ says water T1 must be known to quantify a CEST parameter. These passages support pH and T1 as influences, but the paper does not link a T1 change to cell death. The rTg4510 comparison is the citing authors’ conclusion, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
van Zijl, P. C. M., & Yadav, N. N.
Affiliations
Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
ORCID
Yadav, Nirbhay N.
Venue
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2011-02-17
Volume
65
Issue
4
Pages
927-948
ISSN
  • 0740-3194 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-2594
DOI
10.1002/mrm.22761
PMC
PMC3148076
OpenAlex
W1995721991
Cited by
1,155
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 77 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 24
FWCI
38.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
NIH-NCRR (P41-RR15241)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced NMR Techniques and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes
Keywords
chemical exchange saturation transfer, CEST imaging, magnetization transfer contrast, chemical exchange, slow exchange, inversion, MRI contrast agents, in vivo applications
MeSH terms
Algorithms, Animals, Computer Simulation, Contrast Media, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Protons

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