The intrinsically disordered transcriptional activation domain of CIITA is functionally tuneable by single substitutions: An exception or a new paradigm?

Abstract

During protein evolution, some amino acid substitutions modulate protein function (“tuneability”). In most proteins, the tuneable range is wide and can be sampled by a set of protein variants that each contains multiple amino acid substitutions. In other proteins, the full tuneable range can be accessed by a set of variants that each contains a single substitution. Indeed, in some globular proteins, the full tuneable range can be accessed by the set of site‐saturating substitutions at an individual “rheostat” position. However, in proteins with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), most functional studies—which would also detect tuneability—used multiple substitutions or small deletions. In disordered transcriptional activation domains (ADs), studies with multiple substitutions led to the “acidic exposure” model, which does not anticipate the existence of rheostat positions. In the few studies that did assess effects of single substitutions on AD function, results were mixed: the ADs of two full‐length transcription factors did not show tuneability, whereas a fragment of a third AD was tuneable by single substitutions. In this study, we tested tuneability in the AD of full‐length human class II transactivator (CIITA). Sequence analyses and experiments showed that CIITA's AD is an IDR. Functional assays of singly‐substituted AD variants showed that CIITA's function was highly tuneable, with outcomes not predicted by the acidic exposure model. Four tested positions showed rheostat behavior for transcriptional activation. Thus, tuneability of different IDRs can vary widely. Future studies are needed to illuminate the biophysical features that govern whether an IDR is tuneable by single substitutions.