The pathogenesis of influenza in humans.

Zambon, Maria C.

doi:10.1002/rmv.319

Cited by 186Influenza Virus Research StudiesVirology and Viral DiseasesRespiratory viral infections research

The pathogenesis of influenza in humans.

Zambon, Maria C.·2001·Reviews in Medical Virology

DOI 10.1002/rmv.319

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Abstract

The rapid evolution of influenza A and B viruses contributes to annual influenza epidemics in humans. In addition, pandemics of influenza are also caused by influenza A viruses, whereas influenza B does not have the potential to cause pandemics because there is no animal reservoir of the virus. Study of the genetic differences between influenza A and influenza B viruses, which are restricted to humans, may be informative in understanding the factors that govern mammalian adaptation of influenza A viruses. Aquatic birds provide the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses, but in general, avian influenza is asymptomatic in feral birds. Occasionally, however, highly pathogenic strains of influenza cause serious systemic infections in domestic poultry. The pathogenicity of these strains is related to the presence of a polybasic cleavage sequence in the precursor of the surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin, which makes the glycoprotein susceptible to activation by ubiquitous proteases such as furin and PC6. However, the mechanism of pathogenicity may differ in highly pathogenic strains of human influenza, such as the H1N1 pandemic strain of 1918 and the H5N1 strain involved in the outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997. Binding of host proteases by the viral neuraminidase to assist activation of the haemagglutinin, shortening of the neuraminidase and substitutions in the polymerase gene, PB2, have all been suggested as alternative molecular correlates of pathogenicity of human influenza viruses. Additionally, systemic spread in humans of pathogenic subtypes has not been demonstrated and host factors such as interferons may be crucial in preventing the spread of the virus outside the respiratory tract.

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Up to 75% of influenza-infected patients who develop pneumonia have confirmed bacterial co-infection.
“Up to 75% of those infected with influenza that go on to acquire pneumonia, are confirmed to have bacterial co-infection (Zambon, 2001).”
From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Zambon, 2001
Neuraminidase enables release of newly formed progeny virions by hydrolysing sialic acid and detaching it from HA.
“Neuraminidase enables the release of newly formed progeny virions; by hydrolysing the sialic acid and detaching it from the HA the virion becomes liberated from the host cell (Zambon, 2001).”
From Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics (2017) · cites this paper as Zambon, 2001

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Mechanisms Involved in Natural and Experimental Neuropathogenicity of Influenza Viruses: Evidence and Speculation
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Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for Demonstration of Influenza Virus Dissemination in Children
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Isolation of Type B Influenza Virus from the Blood of Children
Xu, H., Yasui, O., Tsuruoka, H., Kuroda, K., Hayashi, K., Yamada, A., Ishizaki, T., Yamada, Y., Watanabe, T., & Hosaka, Y. (1998) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/517146 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Expression of Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin Containing Multibasic Residue Cleavage Sites
Brassard, D., & Lamb, R. A. (1997) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8749 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

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Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics
Morris, D. E., Cleary, D. W., & Clarke, S. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041 · Cited by 576 · see citing works

Antigenic Drift in H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Poultry Is Driven by Mutations in Major Antigenic Sites of the Hemagglutinin Molecule Analogous to Those for Human Influenza Virus
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Antigenic Variation in Influenza Viruses
Webster, R. G. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012220360-2/50015-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Antigenic and genetic variation in the hemagglutinins of H1N1 and H3N2 human influenza a viruses in the Shanghai area from 2005 to 2008
Ren, X., Ju, L., Yang, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.22078 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Influenza Vaccines
Vesikari, T., & Esposito, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59952-6_14
[Antigenic heterogeneity of influenza virus B neuraminidases].
Molibog, E. V., Zakstel'skaia, L. I., Iakhno, M. A., et al. (1982) · PubMed

Authors: Zambon, M. C.
Corresponding author: Zambon, Maria C.
ORCID: Zambon, Maria C.
Venue: Reviews in Medical Virology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-07
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: 227-241
ISSN: 1052-9276 (ISSN-L)
1099-1654
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.319
OpenAlex: W1981316697
Cited by: 186
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 1.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 18 d)
Locations: Reviews in Medical Virology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
Keywords: influenza pathogenesis, influenza A virus, influenza B, pandemic influenza, avian influenza, mammalian adaptation, furin, neuraminidase, interferon, host factors
MeSH terms: Animals, Antigenic Variation, Birds, Disease Reservoirs, Humans, Influenza, Human, Neuraminidase, Orthomyxoviridae, Evolution, Molecular, Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus

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The pathogenesis of influenza in humans.

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