The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Heterogeneity in survival analysis
Abstract
I discuss the impact of individual heterogeneity in survival analysis. It is well known that this phenomenon may distort what is observed. A general class of mixing (or frailty) distributions is applied, extending a model of Hougaard. The extension allows part of the population to be non‐susceptible, and contains the traditional gamma distribution as a special case. I consider the mixing of both a constant and a Weibull individual rate, and also discuss the comparison of rates from two populations. A number of practical examples are mentioned. Finally, I analyse two data sets, the main one containing data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry on the survival of breast cancer patients. The statistical analysis is of necessity speculative, but may still provide some insight.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An introduction to probability theory and its applications
(1958) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/0016-0032(58)90688-4 · Cited by 29,269
Extremes and Related Properties of Random Sequences and Processes
Leadbetter, M. R., Lindgren, G., & Rootzén, H. (1983) · Springer Series in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5449-2 · Cited by 2,873
The impact of heterogeneity in individual frailty on the dynamics of mortality
Vaupel, J. W., Manton, K. G., & Stallard, E. (1979) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061224 · Cited by 1,932
The relative survival rate: a statistical methodology.
Ederer, F., Axtell, L. M., & CUTLER, S. J. (1961) · PubMed · Cited by 1,169
An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. II
B., H. L., & Feller, W. (1968) · Population (French Edition) · doi:10.2307/1527528 · Cited by 1,154
Survival models for heterogeneous populations derived from stable distributions
HOUGAARD, P. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.2.387 · Cited by 716
DIETARY FAT AND DIETARY SUGAR IN RELATION TO ISCHÆMIC HEART-DISEASE AND DIABETES
Yudkin, J. (1964) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90002-9 · Cited by 669
Multivariate Generalizations of the Proportional Hazards Model
Clayton, D., & Cuzick, J. (1985) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) · doi:10.2307/2981943 · Cited by 625
A class of multivanate failure time distributions
HOUGAARD, P. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.3.671 · Cited by 581
Cited by
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647
Penalized Survival Models and Frailty
Therneau, T. M., Grambsch, P. M., & Pankratz, V. S. (2003) · Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · doi:10.1198/1061860031365 · Cited by 481
Frailty Models in Survival Analysis
Wienke, A. (2010) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420073911 · Cited by 454
Randomization, Statistics, and Causal Inference
Greenland, S. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199011000-00003 · Cited by 385
Missov, T. I., & Finkelstein, M. (2011) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2011.05.001 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Aalen, O. O.
- Venue
- Statistics in Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1988-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1121-1137
- ISSN
- 0277-6715 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0258
- OpenAlex
- W2059989630
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 25
- FWCI
- 5.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Heterogeneity in survival analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/sim.4780071105
- The paper
- Aalen, O. O. (1988). Heterogeneity in survival analysis. Statistics in Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780071105
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.