The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Stress and adult smartphone addiction: Mediation by self‐control, neuroticism, and extraversion
Abstract
This study employed descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to examine the influence of stress on smartphone addiction as well as the mediating effects of self-control, neuroticism, and extraversion using 400 men and women in their 20s to 40s followed by structural equation analysis. Our findings indicate that stress had a significant influence on smartphone addiction, and self-control mediates the influence of stress on smartphone addiction. As stress increases, self-control decreases, which subsequently leads to increased smartphone addiction. Self-control was confirmed as an important factor in the prevention of smartphone addiction. Finally, among personality factors, neuroticism, and extraversion mediate the influence of stress on smartphone addiction.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Self-control can also mediate the relationship between stress and PSU, as individuals with poor self-control use their smartphone to deal with stress (Cho, Kim, & Park, 2017;Heo & Lee, 2018;Liu et al., 2018).”
From Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area (2021) · cites this paper as Cho, Kim, & Park, 2017
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x · Cited by 6,557
Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81 · Cited by 6,404
Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: the NEO personality inventory
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5 · Cited by 3,414
Norman, W. T. (1963) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0040291 · Cited by 2,619
Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.09.18.pr0.110.2.501-517 · Cited by 1,884
The impact of daily stress on health and mood: psychological and social resources as mediators
DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.486 · Cited by 1,621
The Relationship Between Depression and Internet Addiction
YOUNG, K. S., & ROGERS, R. C. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.25 · Cited by 1,233
Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2009) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0229 · Cited by 736
Wilson, G. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90135-9 · Cited by 688
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 33
- Cho S. Y.(2014).Research on the relationship of neo youth personality characteristics and middle schoolers' vulnerability to smartphone addiction: A focus on the mediating variable of stress management methods.(Unpublished master's thesis). Gangnam University Graduate School.
- Choi E. S.(2011).Relationship of peer conformity sense pursuit tendencies Big‐Five personality factors and mobile phone addiction.(Unpublished master's thesis). Sogang University Graduate School of Education.
- Derogatis L. R., 1977, SCL‐90‐R, administration, scoring and procedures manual for the R(evised) version
- Han T. Y., 2005, Youth school stress: Regulating effects of personality and emotional intelligence, Korean Psychological Association Journal: School, 2, 177
- Hong H. K., 2012, Research on the validity and reliability of the Korean Brief Self‐control Scale, Korean Psychological Association Journal: General, 31, 1193
- Jeon S. Y.(2013).Effects of personal characteristics sense of effectiveness on interaction and education satisfaction in a Facebook based cooperative learning environment.(Unpublished master's thesis). Ewha Women's University Graduate School of Education.
- Jeon H. S., 2014, Effects of stress and depression on smartphone addiction in college students: Focus on management efficiency by gender, Journal of Youth Studies, 21, 103
- Jung E. J., 2014, Relationship of Big‐Five personality factors and SNS use time among high schoolers, Correction Welfare Society of Korea, 24, 17
- Kang Y. J.(2011).Employs stress and methods of facing stress the effects of impulsivity and smartphone addiction.(Unpublished master's thesis). Catholic University Graduate School of Counselling Psychology.
- Kang H. Y., 2012, Development of the smartphone addiction scale, Korean Psychological Association Journal, General, 31, 563
- Kim J. W., 2008, The relationship between middle schoolers' internet addiction, self‐control and mental health, Secondary Institute of Education, 56, 1
- Kim O. H.(2008b).NEO child personality survey and relationship between elementary student's personal characteristics and methods of dealing with stress. (Unpublished master's thesis). Ewha Women's University Graduate School of Education.
- Kim B. N., 2013, Depression as a mediator in college student's self‐control and smartphone addiction, Korean Journal of Family Social Work, 39, 49
- Kim N. S., 2012, Effect of college students' self‐control and life stress on smartphone addiction, Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics, 37, 72
- Kim N. S., 2010, The relationship of Big‐Five personality traits, stress, and methods of coping with stress, Secondary Institute of Education, 22, 21
- Kim K. I., 1985, Implementation of the symptom checklist
- Kwon S. J., 2015, Implementation of the Korean Symptom Checklist II (KSCL‐95)
- Lee S. J.(2013).Investigation into risk factors for smartphone addiction and verification model: Focus on personality and use motivation. (Unpublished master's thesis). Kyungsang University Graduate School Psychology Department.
- Lee I. S., 2014, Study on employee smartphone addiction, anxiety, depression, and self‐control, Korean Society for Multicultural Health, 4, 19
- Lee K. I., 1996, Clinical application of the NEO‐PI‐R, Korean Psychological Association Journal: Counseling and Psychotherapy, 8, 65
- Lee S. H., 2000, Youth internet addiction and child education
- Min B. M. &Park D. J.(2000).Big‐Five personality structures of Koreans through the NEO PI‐R.Annual Symposium Presentations for the Korean Psychological Association Journal.
- Nam J. Y., 2011, Research on the relationship between individual characteristics and internet and mobile phone addiction in college students, Studies on Korean Youth, 22, 5
- National Information Society Agency, 2011, Research for the development of a smartphone addiction self‐assessment scale
- National Information Society Agency, 2015, 2014 A Survey on internet addiction
- Park M. H.(2013).Relationship of Big‐Five personality factors self‐worth and tendencies towards SNS addiction.(Unpublished master's thesis). Kyungsung University Graduate School of Education.
- Park J. Y., 2013, Understand of internet usage among college students, Korean Psychological Association Journal: Education, 10, 111
- Seo G.(2013).Research on the effect of Facebook use addiction on college sociality and self‐identity. (Unpublished master's thesis). Sookmyung Women's University Graduate School.
- Seo S. Y., 2007, Relationship between everyday stress, social support, tendency towards absorption and internet addiction, Korean Psychological Association Journal: Clinical, 26, 391
- Shin D. K., 1997, Relationship of psychological pain, and stress coping following the Sampoong incident, Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 36, 612
- Son W. H., 2009, Effect of NLP group therapy on adolescents with internet addiction, Journal of Future Oriented Youth Society, 6, 45
- Song W. Y.(1998).Effects of self‐efficiency and self‐control on addictive internet use.(Unpublished master's thesis). Yonsei University Graduate School.
- Song N. W.(2004).College student stress self‐control self‐worth and level of internet use.(Unpublished master's thesis). Yonsei University Graduate School of Human Environmental Sciences.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–174 of 174
He, Y., Li, A., Li, K., & Xiao, J. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11379 · Cited by 8
Rozgonjuk, D., Montag, C., & Elhai, J. D. (2022) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-04772-5_4 · Cited by 9
Jacobucci, R., Blacutt, M. E., Ram, N., & Ammerman, B. A. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01740-w · Cited by 7
Chen, Y., & Guo, Y. (2022) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2021.2017154 · Cited by 8
Chen, H., & Zhang, H. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16355-7 · Cited by 10
AlSaif, H. I., Alhozaimi, Z., Alrashed, A. S., Alanazi, K. S., Alshibani, M. G., Almigbal, T. H., Alsaad, S. M., Alrasheed, A. A., & Alosaimi, F. D. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59081501 · Cited by 8
The relationship between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction in adolescents: a meta-analysis
Li, M., Han, X., & Li, J. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03702-z · Cited by 10
Zhang, J., Zheng, W., Yan, Y., Zheng, E., Zhao, P., Feng, X., Zhu, S., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-02924-1 · Cited by 6
Huang, S., Lai, X., Ke, L., Qin, X., Yan, J. J., Xie, Y., Dai, X., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2023.2239951 · Cited by 7
Attachment Anxiety and Nomophobia: A Moderated Parallel Mediation Model
Liang, Y. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241226907 · Cited by 7
Xie, Y., & Luo, S. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06073-8 · Cited by 9
Adaptation and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Scale questionnaire
Шейнов, В. П. (2020) · Gercenovskie čteniâ: psihologičeskie issledovaniâ v obrazovanii · doi:10.33910/herzenpsyconf-2020-3-21 · Cited by 7
Mun, I. B., & Lee, S. (2023) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2023.2165229 · Cited by 5
Sende, C., Souček, R., & Ebner, K. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100619 · Cited by 5
Qi, H., Song, D., Wang, J., Li, J., Qu, G., Chen, X., & Luo, Y. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00066 · Cited by 5
Lee, G., & Yang, E. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20210915-01 · Cited by 4
Zhong, Y.-J., Wang, Y., & Guo, W.-H. (2025) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125251338554 · Cited by 7
Chen, Q., Sin, N. S. M., Isa, A. N. M., & Chen, D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321060 · Cited by 3
Homo smartphonus: Psychological Aspects of Smartphone Use—A Literature Review
Sorokowski, P., & Sobczak, M. (2025) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti9080083 · Cited by 4
Jiang, Y., Zhao, B., Qin, X., & Wu, X. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08688-w · Cited by 6
Exler, A., Hornberger, T., & Beigl, M. (2020) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8944-7_14 · Cited by 3
SMARTPHONE ADDICTION AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES IN SOUTH KOREA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Shahjehan, A., Afridi, S. A., Haider, M., Iqbal, A., & Aziz, S. (2021) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2021.9235 · Cited by 4
Xie, Z., Han, J., Liu, J., & Guan, W. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06832-w · Cited by 4
Prevalence of smartphone addiction and associated factors in Brazilian adults
Abdon, A. P. V., Mesquita, R., Magalhães, L. K. S., Medeiros, N. K. F. D., Pinto, I. M. M., César, I. G., Sousa, G. F., Tavares, L. C. P., Saintrain, M. V. L., Viana, M. O., et al. (2020) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2020.7.1.0254 · Cited by 3
Stress can lead to an increase in smartphone use in the context of texting while walking
Alcaraz, M. L., Labonté-LeMoyne, É., LUPIEN, S. J., Sénécal, S., Cameron, A., Bellavance, F., & Léger, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.760107 · Cited by 2
Liu, X., Zou, J., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343251404078 · Cited by 4
Ma, W., Zhen, R., Tan, X., He, Y., Zhang, J. W., Tang, S., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37112-x · Cited by 5
Gülden, Ç. (2026) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1177/20556365261419843 · Cited by 2
Social Media Addiction and Fear of Missing Out: The Moderating Effect of Smartphone Ease of Access
Seabrooks, A. D. (2020) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 2
Predictors of Smartphone Addiction in Teacher Candidates: Self-Control and Communication Skills
SAĞAR, M. E., & SAĞAR, S. (2023) · Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.59409/ojer.1248743 · Cited by 2
Habibi, F., Choolabi, R. H., & Abadi, Z. A. N. (2024) · International Journal of Emotional Education · doi:10.56300/cont8301 · Cited by 2
Öztekin, G. G., & Yıldırım, M. (2025) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2025.2499625 · Cited by 2
Devita, Y. (2018) · Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Saintika · doi:10.30633/jkms.v9i2.212 · Cited by 2
권경인, & 배영광 (2018) · The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling · doi:10.35151/kyci.2018.26.2.018 · Cited by 2
Ning, W., Chen, Y., & Lee‐Partridge, J. E. (2025) · Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers · doi:10.1108/yc-03-2024-2010 · Cited by 1
Möri, M., & Fahr, A. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105370 · Cited by 1
Chen, S.-J., Tsai, Y., Hsu, C.-C., & Tsai, C. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105784 · Cited by 4
Martínez-Álvarez, I., Salguero, F. L., Villaseñor-León, M., & Hidalgo-Fuentes, S. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00586-z · Cited by 1
Moqbel, M., Frimpong, B., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-025-10673-4 · Cited by 2
Hermann, J. C., Cummins, K. M., Adise, S., Marshall, A. T., Tapert, S. F., Baker, F. C., Mason, M. J., Wade, N. E., Alexander, J. D., Squeglia, L. M., et al. (2026) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2026.02.003 · Cited by 1
Xiaoping, D. E. N. G., Pan, W., Lu, Q., & Wu, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04529-y · Cited by 1
Liu, S., Lin, Y., Hu, W., Meng, Y., & Liu, X. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122007 · Cited by 1
Technology-related behavioral addiction profiles and mental health in teachers
Ordóñez, Y. R., Gervilla, E., & Sesé, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1819456 · Cited by 1
The Role of Emotionality and Self-control Ability in Explaining Risk Behaviors in Students
Langroude, K. D., Hosseinkhanzadeh, A. A., Taher, M., & Mojarrad, A. (2018) · Cited by 1
An Analysis of Smartphone Addiction among College Students in Chennai
Kaviarasu, S. J., Tyagi, P. K., Singh, A. K., Singh, V. J., & Arora, B. (2023) · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICAC3N) · doi:10.1109/icac3n60023.2023.10541578 · Cited by 1
HUBUNGAN ANTARA SMARTPHONE ADDICTION DENGAN ADAPTASI SOSIAL SISWA DI SD X
Empula, S. A. M. S., & Tumanggor, R. O. (2024) · Journal of Social and Economics Research · doi:10.54783/jser.v6i2.661 · Cited by 1
Chen, L., Gao, S.-Y., Li, J., Chen, L.-G., & Huang, J.-H. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03193-y · Cited by 1
Atadokht, A., Ahmadi, S., & Fallahi, V. (2020) · مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان · doi:10.29252/jrums.19.3.251 · Cited by 1
The Relationship between Stress and Mobile Phone Addiction in College Students
(2021) · International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education · doi:10.20431/2349-0381.0807031
Kecanduan Gadget dan Aktifitas Fisik Pada Remaja: Tinjauan Literatur
Yusuf, R. A., Syamsir, M. R., Muhsana, F., & Silwanah, A. S. (2023) · Media Ilmu Kesehatan · doi:10.30989/mik.v11i1.651 · Cited by 8
Sugito, R. A., Donanti, E., & Mahmud, A. (2023) · Junior Medical Journal · doi:10.33476/jmj.v1i4.3008 · Cited by 1
EXCESSIVE USAGE OF SMARTPHONE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING: A REVIEW
Kumar, A. (2018) · Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research
Purnomo, A. W. A., & Loekmono, J. T. L. (2020) · KONSELI Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling (E-Journal) · doi:10.24042/kons.v7i2.6690
Clarysse, M., Baert, E., Waeterloos, C., Walrave, M., & Ponnet, K. S. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.34977
ภูลวรรณ, ภ., อินสิน, น., ทัศนเอี่ยม, ศ., & ชมชายผล, จ. (2022) · Health Science Journal of Thailand · doi:10.55164/hsjt.v4i4.256554
Liu, H., Tao, X., Chi, C., He, Y., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2361914/v1
Digital communication technologies and mental health
Gugushvili, N. (2023) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230320ng
Development and validation of a measure of smartphone coping style among Chinese adolescentsPreprint
Huang, S., Lai, X., Ke, L., Qin, X., Yan, J. J., Xie, Y., Dai, X., & Wang, Y. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/38y42
Examining the Relationship between Personality and Smartphone Addiction among College Students
(2023) · International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science · doi:10.58257/ijprems31898
The Influence of on the Academic Procrastination of Community Science Polytechnic Cadents
Risyat, I. A., & Kusmiyanti (2023) · Ilomata International Journal of Management · doi:10.52728/ijjm.v4i4.905
Saha, S. K., Chakrabarti, S., Mishra, A., Mondal, A., Mandal, M., & Basu, M. (2024) · Asian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3126/ajms.v15i1.57442
Das Smartphone als ständiger Begleiter
Kohler, S. A., & Fauth‐Bühler, M. (2024) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911/a000876
Zhou, R., Chen, J., Zhou, G., Su, Y., & Zhang, T. (2025) · International Theory and Practice in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.70693/itphss.v2i3.322
Personality Traits and Smartphone Addiction
Pauline, I., Daniel, T., Nabawanuka, B., Herbert, M., & Katsomyo, E. (2025) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8804-4.ch010
Bütün, F., & Saylık, F. Z. (2025) · Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.47525/ulasbid.1686327 · Cited by 2
Chen, J., Chen, G., & Wang, X. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2025.2548858
RetractedYousefvand, S., Ngo, F. T., & Kabiri, S. (2025) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2025.2572586
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and smartphone addiction among public sector employees in Iran
Pirani, A., Dodangeh, M., Nasirpour, N., Ghanbari, B., Hajebi, A., & Abbas, M. S. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03913-4
Chang, S.-H., Tseng, P.-K., Wu, J.-T., Chen, K.-J., & Cheng, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04445-1
Sun, X., & Xu, J. (2026) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2026.2688113
Screen Time, Sleep-Interrupted Behaviors, and Depression in a Diverse Sample of Emerging Adults
Huang, C., Tu, B., & Vallario, J. (2026) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968261468066
Baytemir, K., & Akalın, M. B. (2026) · Addicta The Turkish Journal on Addictions · doi:10.15805/addicta.2026.517
Metadata
- Authors
- Cho, H., Kim, D. J., & Park, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Korea Counseling Graduate University (KR)
- The Catholic University of Korea Seoul St. Mary's Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Dai Jin
- Park, Jae Woo
- Venue
- Stress and Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-03-23
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 624-630
- ISSN
- 1532-2998 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-3005
- OpenAlex
- W2597534940
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 29.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Stress and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Brain Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)
- the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2014M3C7A1062893)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
- Keywords
- smartphone addiction, stress, self-control, neuroticism, extraversion, personality traits, mediation, young and middle-aged adults, addiction prevention
- MeSH terms
- Self-Control, Smartphone, Neuroticism, Adult, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review