Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 4,315

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international strategic alliances

Hamel, Gary·1991·Strategic Management Journal
DOI 10.1002/smj.4250120908
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Global competition highlights asymmetries in the skill endowments of firms. Collaboration may provide an opportunity for one partner to internalize the skills of the other, and thus improve its position both within and without the alliance. Detailed analysis of nine international alliances yielded a fine-grained understanding of the determinants of interpartner learning. The study suggests that not all partners are equally adept at learning; that asymmetries in learning alter the relative bargaining power of partners; that stability and longevity may be inappropriate metrics of partnership success; that partners may have competitive, as well as collaborative aims, vis-à-vis each other; and that process may be more important than structure in determining learning outcomes.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/smj.4250120908

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 66

  1. and . Organizational Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978.
  2. Baba, 1989, Strategic Management Journal, 10, 89, 10.1002/smj.4250100108 · DOI
  3. Ballon, 1979, Journal of Contemporary Business, 8, 27
  4. ‘Joint venture performance in developing countries.’ Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Western Ontario, 1984.
  5. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, reprint (1974), New American Library, New York, 1946.
  6. and . ‘Joint venturing in Japan.’ Conference Board Record, April 1972, pp. 32–36.
  7. Blois, 1980, Management Decision, 18, 55, 10.1108/eb001234 · DOI
  8. and . Economic Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Selected Papers, Macmillan, London, 1985. · DOI
  9. and . ‘A theory of cooperation in international business.’ In and (eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1988, pp. 31–53.
  10. Burgelman, 1983a, Academy of Management Review, 8, 61, 10.5465/amr.1983.4287661 · DOI
  11. Burgelman, 1983b, Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 223, 10.2307/2392619 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Business Week. ‘When U.S. joint ventures with Japan go sour,’ 24 July 1989, pp. 14–16.
  13. International corporations: The industrial economics of foreign investment, Economica, February 1971, pp. 1–27.
  14. and . ‘Why should firms cooperate: The strategy and economic basis for cooperative ventures.’ In and (eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1988, pp. 3–28.
  15. and . A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1963.
  16. and . ‘Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage,’ Management Science, December 1989, pp. 1504–1514.
  17. ‘Technology partnerships between larger and smaller firms: Some critical issues.’ In and (eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1988, pp. 317–328.
  18. Joint Venture Survival in Multinational Corporations, Praeger, New York, 1971.
  19. and . ‘Patterns of international coalition activity.’ In (ed.), Competition in Global Industries, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA, 1986, pp. 345–365.
  20. International Joint Ventures in Action: How to Establish, Manage and Profit from International Strategic Alliances, Hutchinson Business Books, London, 1988.
  21. ‘Joint venture instability: Is it a problem,’ Columbia Journal of World Business, Summer 1987, pp. 97–102.
  22. ‘Competitive collaboration: Learning, power and dependence in international strategic alliances.’ Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan, 1990.
  23. Strategies for Joint Ventures. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1985.
  24. Managing for Joint Venture Success. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1986.
  25. Harrigan, 1988, Strategic Management Journal, 9, 141, 10.1002/smj.4250090205 · DOI · Paper page
  26. ‘How organizations learn and unlearn.’ In and (eds), Handbook of Organizational Design, Oxford University Press, London, 1981.
  27. and . ‘Trends in international collaborative agreements.’ In and (eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1988, pp. 99–109.
  28. Hernnart, 1988, Strategic Management Journal, 9, 36
  29. Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success, Random House, New York, 1986.
  30. with . Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987. · DOI · Paper page
  31. ‘How to make a global joint venture work,’ Harvard Business Review, May-June 1982, pp. 120–127.
  32. Strategies for Joint Venture Success. Praeger, New York, 1983.
  33. Kogut, 1988, Strategic Management Journal, 9, 319, 10.1002/smj.4250090403 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Mintzberg, 1978, Management Science, 24, 934, 10.1287/mnsc.24.9.934 · DOI
  35. and . ‘International cooperative ventures in the commercial aircraft industry: Gains, sure, but what's my share.’ In and (eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA. 1988, pp. 255–278.
  36. Japanese Society. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1970.
  37. and . An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982.
  38. Nielsen, 1988, Strategic Management Journal, 9, 475, 10.1002/smj.4250090507 · DOI
  39. Nystrom, 1984, Organizational Dynamics, 12, 53, 10.1016/0090-2616(84)90011-1 · DOI · Paper page
  40. ‘The global logic of strategic alliances,’ Harvard Business Review, March-April 1989, pp. 143–155.
  41. Ouchi, 1980, Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 129, 10.2307/2392231 · DOI · Paper page
  42. and . ‘Made in America (under Japanese management),’ Harvard Business Review, September-October 1974, pp. 61–69.
  43. and . ‘Cooperateto compete globally,’ Harvard Business Review, March-April 1986, pp. 136–152.
  44. Peterson, 1977, Journal of International Business Studies, 8, 45, 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490678 · DOI
  45. Peterson, 1978, Academy of Management Review, 3, 796, 10.5465/amr.1978.4289284 · DOI
  46. Pettigrew, 1979, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 570, 10.2307/2392363 · DOI
  47. Pfeffer, 1976, Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 398, 10.2307/2391851 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Free Press, New York, 1980.
  49. Competitive Advantage, Free Press, New York, 1985.
  50. Postman, 1973, Memory and Cognition, 1, 19, 10.3758/BF03198064 · DOI
  51. and . Multinational Mission, Free Press, New York, 1987.
  52. and . ‘The core competence and the corporation,’ Harvard Business Review, May-June 1990, pp. 71–91.
  53. and . ‘Building leadership in high technology industries: Focus technology strategies on services innovation.’ Unpublished paper presented at the Second International Conference on Managing the High Technology Firm, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 10 January-1990.
  54. Indian—America Joint Ventures: Business Policy Relationships. University Press of America, Washington, DC, 1979.
  55. and . ‘Joint ventures with Japan give away our future,’ Harvard Business Review, March–April 1986, pp. 78–86.
  56. ‘Some taxonomies of cooperative arrangements.’ In and (eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1988, pp. 69–80.
  57. Schillaci, 1987, Journal of Business Strategy, 8, 59, 10.1108/eb039201 · DOI
  58. From Dream to Discovery: On Being a Scientist, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964.
  59. Sullivan, 1982, Management International Review, 22, 30
  60. Teece, 1981, Sloan Management Review, 22, 3
  61. and . The Cultural Environment of International Business, South-Western, Cincinnati, OH, 1985.
  62. Thorelli, 1986, Strategic Management Journal, 7, 37, 10.1002/smj.4250070105 · DOI
  63. ‘Japan's joint ventures in the United States.’ In and (eds), Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1988, pp. 457–472.
  64. and . Change. Norton, New York, 1974.
  65. ‘Domestic and foreign learning curves in managing international cooperative strategies.’ In and (eds). Cooperative Strategies in International Business, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA, 1988, pp. 339–346.
  66. Markets and Hierarchies: An Analysis and Antitrust Implications. Free Press, New York, 1975.

Cited by

See all 4,315

Metadata

Authors
Hamel, G.
Venue
Strategic Management Journal
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1991
Volume
12
Issue
S1
Pages
83-103
ISSN
  • 0143-2095 (ISSN-L)
  • 1097-0266
DOI
10.1002/smj.4250120908
OpenAlex
W2057335196
Cited by
4,315
References
1
FWCI
69.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 9009 d)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international strategic alliances. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/smj.4250120908
The paper
Hamel, G. (1991). Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250120908

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.