Securing the future internet of things with post‐quantum cryptography
Open accessAbstract
Traditional and lightweight cryptography primitives and protocols are insecure against quantum attacks. Thus, a real‐time application using traditional or lightweight cryptography primitives and protocols does not ensure full‐proof security. Post‐quantum cryptography is important for the internet of things (IoT) due to its security against quantum attacks. This paper offers a broad literature analysis of post‐quantum cryptography for IoT networks, including the challenges and research directions to adopt in real‐time applications. The work draws focus towards post‐quantum cryptosystems that are useful for resource‐constraint devices. Further, those quantum attacks are surveyed, which may occur over traditional and lightweight cryptographic primitives.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Nokia's MEC video surveillance application enables security personnel to analyze unusual activities from anywhere at any time.
“One example of a MEC application from Nokia is video surveillance which enables security personnel the ability to analyse unusual activities from anywhere at any time [131].”
From Edge AI: A survey (2023) · cites this paper as [131]
The Introduction (p. 1) describes IoT security and post-quantum cryptography, not Nokia’s MEC applications. Searches for Nokia, video surveillance, and remote analysis of unusual activities found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBecause edge AI is decentralised and can function without an active internet connection, it is inherently more secure.
“Availability: Given that edge AI is both decentralised and can function without an active internet connection, it is inherently more secure [131].”
From Edge AI: A survey (2023) · cites this paper as [131]
The Introduction (p. 1) discusses securing IoT devices with post-quantum cryptography, and the Conclusions (p. 10) discuss cryptographic schemes for those devices. Searches for edge AI operating without internet connectivity and for decentralisation as a security advantage found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe major challenge to Edge Computing is security for users who may trust hardware manufacturers but lack access to identities of other components such as switches, routers, and base stations in publicly accessible modes.
“The major challenge to Edge Computing is that of security for users who may have confidence in hardware from manufacturers they trust but have no access to the identities of other components: switches, routers and base stations in publicly accessible modes [114,131].”
From Edge AI: A survey (2023) · cites this paper as [131]
The Introduction (p. 1) discusses security threats to resource-constrained IoT devices, and the Challenges section (pp. 2–3) addresses post-quantum cryptography for IoT networks. Searches for trusted manufacturers, component identities, switches, routers, and base stations found no passage addressing the claimed Edge Computing security problem. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring
Shor, P. W. (2002) · Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science · doi:10.1109/sfcs.1994.365700 · Cited by 8,713 · see citing works
Advances in quantum cryptography
Pirandola, S., Andersen, U. L., Banchi, L., Berta, M., Bunandar, D., Colbeck, R., Englund, D., Gehring, T., Lupo, C., Ottaviani, C., et al. (2020) · Advances in Optics and Photonics · doi:10.1364/aop.361502 · Cited by 2,033 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in Quantum Cryptography
Pirandola, S., Andersen, U. L., Banchi, L., Berta, M., Bunandar, D., Colbeck, R., Englund, D., Gehring, T., Lupo, C., Ottaviani, C., et al. (2019) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1,566 · see citing works
Self-citationBernstein, D. J., & Lange, T. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23461 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions
Gill, S. S., Kumar, A., Singh, H., Singh, M., Kaur, K., Usman, M., & Buyya, R. (2021) · Software Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/spe.3039 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández‐Caramés, T. M. (2019) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2019.2958788 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Masked Accelerators and Instruction Set Extensions for Post-Quantum Cryptography
Fritzmann, T., Beirendonck, M. V., Roy, D. B., Karl, P., Schamberger, T., Verbauwhede, I. M. R., & Sigl, G. (2021) · IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems · doi:10.46586/tches.v2022.i1.414-460 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Suhail, S., Hussain, R., Khan, A., & Hong, C. S. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3013019 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Gill, S. S. (2021) · Internet Technology Letters · doi:10.1002/itl2.275 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-Quantum Cryptography: State of the Art
Buchmann, J. A., Butin, D., Göpfert, F., & Petzoldt, A. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49301-4_6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Network Coding-Based Post-Quantum Cryptography
Cohen, A., D’Oliveira, R. G. L., Salamatian, S., & Médard, M. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Information Theory · doi:10.1109/jsait.2021.3054598 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Postquantum Cryptography—State of the Art
Buchmann, J. A., Lauter, K., & Mosca, M. (2017) · IEEE Security & Privacy · doi:10.1109/msp.2017.3151326 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
On Feasibility of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Small Devices
Malina, L., Popelová, L., Dzurenda, P., Hajný, J., & Martinásek, Z. (2018) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.104 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Post-quantum distributed ledger for internet of things
Shahid, F., Khan, A., & Jeon, G. (2020) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2020.106581 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
IoT application protection against power analysis attack
Moon, J., Jung, I. Y., & Park, J. H. (2018) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.02.030 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Post-quantum cryptography for automotive systems
Fritzmann, T., Vith, J., Flórez, D., & Sepúlveda, J. (2021) · Microprocessors and Microsystems · doi:10.1016/j.micpro.2021.104379 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bisheh-Niasar, M., Azarderakhsh, R., & Kermani, M. M. (2021) · IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive · Cited by 26 · see citing works
SoK: How (not) to Design and Implement Post-quantum Cryptography
Howe, J., Prest, T., & Apon, D. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75539-3_19 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Paar, C., Pelzl, J., & Güneysu, T. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-69007-9_12 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lightweight Post-Quantum-Secure Digital Signature Approach for IoT Motes.Preprint
Ghosh, S., Misoczki, R., & Sastry, M. R. (2019) · IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Chowdhury, S., Covic, A., Acharya, R. Y., Dupee, S., Ganji, F., & Forte, D. J. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.04344 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lighting the Way to a Smart World: Lattice-Based Cryptography for Internet of ThingsPreprint
Xu, R., Chi, C., Qin, Y., & Jiang, T. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1805.04880 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hwang, W. Y., Ahn, D. (., & Hwang, S. W. (2001) · Physics Letters A · doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(00)00825-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hwang, W. Y., Ahn, D., & Hwang, S. W. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hash-based signatures for the internet of things
Palmieri, P. (2018) · ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers (CF) · doi:10.1145/3203217.3206427 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [14]14. Malina, L., Popelova, L., Dzurenda, P., Hajny, J. and Martinasek, Z., 2018. On feasibility of postquantum cryptography on small devices. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(6), pp.462-467.
- [21]21. Cohen, A., D'Oliveira, R.G., Salamatian, S. and Médard, M., 2021. Network Coding -Based PostQuantum Cryptography. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Information Theory , 2 (1), pp.49-64.
- [23]23. Ilic, N. (2007). The ekert protocol. Journal of Phy334, 1, 22.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Singh, R., & Gill, S. S. (2023) · Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.02.004 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Self-citationModern computing: Vision and challenges
Gill, S. S., Wu, H., Patros, P., Ottaviani, C., Arora, P., Pujol, V. C., Haunschild, D., Parlikad, A. K., Cetinkaya, O., Lutfiyya, H., et al. (2024) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2024.100116 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationShahidinejad, A., & Abawajy, J. (2024) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3645087 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Rahmani, M. K. I., Shuaib, M., Alam, S., Siddiqui, S. T., Ahmad, S., Bhatia, S., & Mashat, A. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/9766844 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
RetractedQuantum Machine Learning: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives
Lamichhane, P., & Rawat, D. B. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3573244 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Quantum cloud computing: Trends and challenges
Golec, M., Hatay, E. S., Golec, M., Uyar, M., Golec, M., & Gill, S. S. (2024) · Journal of Economy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ject.2024.05.001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationDemystifying quantum blockchain for healthcare
Kaushik, K., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Security and Privacy · doi:10.1002/spy2.284 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationConstrained Device Performance Benchmarking with the Implementation of Post-Quantum Cryptography
Fitzgibbon, G., & Ottaviani, C. (2024) · Cryptography · doi:10.3390/cryptography8020021 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationPQCAIE: Post quantum cryptographic authentication scheme for IoT-based e-health systems
Mansoor, K., Afzal, M., Iqbal, W., Abbas, Y., Mussiraliyeva, S., & Chehri, A. (2024) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2024.101228 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kumari, S., Singh, M., Singh, R., & Tewari, H. (2022) · Software Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/spe.3121 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Fathalla, E., & Azab, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3485602 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Akter, M. S., Rodriguez-Cardenas, J., Shahriar, H., Cuzzocrea, A., & Wu, F. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386889 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Quantum Computing: Vision and Challenges
Gill, S. S., Cetinkaya, O., Marrone, S., Claudino, D., Haunschild, D., Schlote, L., Wu, H., Ottaviani, C., Liu, X., Machupalli, S. P., et al. (2025) · Quantum Computing · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29096-1.00008-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum Resilience and Distributed Trust: The Promise of Blockchain and Quantum Computing in Defense
Akhai, S., & Kumar, V. (2024) · Contributions to environmental sciences & innovative business technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0088-2_7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Aski, V. J., Dhaka, V. S., Parashar, A., Kumar, S., & Rida, I. (2023) · Physical Communication · doi:10.1016/j.phycom.2023.102103 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
On the Suitability of Post-Quantum Signature Schemes for Internet of Things
Shim, K. (2023) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2023.3327400 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bahache, A. N., Chikouche, N., & Akleylek, S. (2024) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2024.101200 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hammad, M., Jillani, R., Ullah, S., Namoun, A., Tufail, A., Kim, K., & Shah, H. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23177555 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Attribute-Based Encryption Schemes for Next Generation Wireless IoT Networks: A Comprehensive Survey
Shruti, Rani, S., Sah, D. K., & Gianini, G. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23135921 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of Quantum Technology on the Metaverse
Sihare, S. R., & Khang, A. (2023) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8851-5.ch009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Jammula, M., Vakamulla, V. M., & Kondoju, S. K. (2022) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540091.2022.2124957 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Secure quantum computing for healthcare sector: A short analysis
Pulipeti, S., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Security and Privacy · doi:10.1002/spy2.293 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet of Things Authentication Protocols: Comparative Study
Dargaoui, S., Azrour, M., Allaoui, A. E., Guezzaz, A., Alabdulatif, A., & Alnajim, A. M. (2024) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2024.047625 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Aarthi, S., Aravinthan, K., Ravikumar, R. N., Sivakumar, N., & Wanglen, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1424-2.ch002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A review on security implementations in soft-processors for IoT applications
Caraveo-Cacep, M. A., Vázquez‐Medina, R., & Zavala, A. H. (2023) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2023.103677 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Joshi, A., Bhalgat, P., Chavan, P. P., Chaudhari, T., & Patil, S. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9743-1_3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Post-Quantum Cryptography Research Landscape: A Scientometric Perspective
Sharma, P., Gupta, V., & Sood, S. K. (2023) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2023.2260333 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Q-SECURE: A Quantum Resistant Security for Resource Constrained IoT Device Encryption
Ngouen, M., Rahman, M. A., Prabakar, N., Uluagac, A. S., & Njilla, L. (2023) · International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS) · doi:10.1109/iotsms59855.2023.10325770 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hardware Security Modules for Secure Communications in the Industrial Internet of Things
Latif, S., Djenouri, D., Idrees, Z., Ahmad, J. E., Mastoi, Q.-U.-A., & Zou, Z. (2025) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3600161 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Challenges and opportunities on the horizon of post-quantum cryptography
Rawal, B. S., & Curry, P. J. (2024) · APL Quantum · doi:10.1063/5.0198344 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Survey on Pre Versus Post Quantum Security Schemes for 5G-Enabled IoT Applications
Choudhury, B., Hota, A., Karmakar, M., Saha, S., Nag, A., & Nandi, S. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3608623 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Post-quantum secure fog-edge computing using federated learning with blockchain
Singh, J., Singh, P., Kaur, A., & Hedabou, M. (2025) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-025-07738-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Partial Encryption after Encoding for Security and Reliability in Data Systems
Cohen, A., D’Oliveira, R. G. L., Duffy, K. R., & Médard, M. (2022) · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) · doi:10.1109/isit50566.2022.9834772 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Towards quantum‐secure software defined networks
Nosouhi, M. R., Sood, K., Chamola, V., Jeong, J. J., & Gaddam, A. (2023) · IET Quantum Communication · doi:10.1049/qtc2.12073 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Feasibility discussion of quantum cryptography for Internet of Things security: a literature review
Yang, Y., Lin, Y., Xiao, J., & Zhong, Z. (2025) · Optical and Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1007/s11082-025-08168-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Liu, T., Ramachandran, G. S., & Jurdak, R. (2024) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI) · doi:10.1109/iotdi61053.2024.00019 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Quantum-Resistant Security for IoT Systems: Challenges and Implementation Strategies
Awasthi, A. (2025) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology · doi:10.32628/cseit25111260 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Edge-Fog Enhanced Post-Quantum Network Security: Applications, Challenges and Solutions
Moon, S. Y., Jo, B. H., Azzaoui, A. E., Singh, S. K., & Park, J. H. (2025) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.062966 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bizri, M. E., El‐Hajj, A. M., Sliman, L., & Haidar, A. M. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650465 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Blockchain-based Scalable and Secure EHR Data Sharing using Proxy Re-Encryption
Sammeta, N., & Parthiban, L. (2022) · The International Arab Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.34028/iajit/20/5/2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Securing the Internet of Things with Ascon-Sign
Magyari, A., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2024.101394 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Elkabbany, G. F., Ahmed, H. I. S., Aslan, H. K., Cho, Y. I., & Abdallah, M. S. (2023) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym16010012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tandel, P., & Nasriwala, J. (2024) · Service Oriented Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11761-024-00414-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Privacy and security of smart irrigation data using IOTA distributed ledger
Gour, S., Kasera, R. K., Acharjee, T., & Singh, W. N. (2025) · Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1080/23335777.2025.2476983 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gemeda, K. A., Hailu, S., Tseghai, A., Haile, G., Tamirat, B., Bitew, W., Abebe, M., Kemal, A., Silassie, S. W., Regassa, D., et al. (2026) · Discover Internet of Things · doi:10.1007/s43926-025-00275-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sandanamudi, P. K., Agrawal, N., Tripathi, N., & N, P. K. B. (2025) · doi:10.1109/comsnets63942.2025.10885608 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A post-quantum lattice-based lightweight anonymous authentication scheme for IoT
Fathenojavan, S., Moeini, A., & Javadi, H. H. S. (2025) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaf004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Intersection of Blockchain Technology and the Quantum Era for Sustainable Medical Services
Atal, D. K., Tiwari, V. N., Anjali, & Berwer, R. K. (2024) · Contributions to environmental sciences & innovative business technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58068-0_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Navigating the Complex Landscape of IoT Forensics: Challenges and Emerging Solutions
Musa, N. S., Mirza, N. M., & Ali, A. (2023) · The International Arab Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.34028/iajit/20/3a/7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lightweight Ring Learning With Errors Cryptographic Scheme for Secure Cloud-IoT Systems
Mangala, N., Reddy, B. E., & Venugopal, K. R. (2023) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) · doi:10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10306355 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bao, T., He, P., Xie, J., & Jacinto, H. S. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems · doi:10.1145/3637215 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Post-Quantum SecureSensor Networks: Combining Ascon and SPHINCS+
Magyari, A., & Chen, Y. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Electronic Communications, Internet of Things and Big Data (ICEIB) · doi:10.1109/iceib61477.2024.10602653 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Quantum-safe mutual authentication scheme for IoHT using blockchain
Ahmad, A., & Srirangan, J. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106945 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lattice-Based Post Quantum Cryptography Using Variations of Learning with Error (LWE)
Shah, P. D., Prajapati, P., & Patel, D. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-88039-1_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Golec, M., Hatay, E. S., Gill, S. S., Mao, Y., & Buyya, R. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29096-1.00010-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBiswas, S., Mitra, K., & Biswas, B. (2025) · Yugoslav journal of operations research · doi:10.2298/yjor240819019b · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yuvarani, R., & Mahaveerakannan, R. (2025) · International Conference on Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics (ICDICI) · doi:10.1109/icdici66477.2025.11134903 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Quantum-Enhanced Adaptive Defense System for Network Threat Detection
Dhivyasree, T., & Prabu, M. (2025) · International Conference on Networks, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON) · doi:10.1109/nmitcon65824.2025.11187517 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pondavakam, S., Singh, S. K., Rishiwal, V., & Park, J. H. (2026) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.70439 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Providing Security in Internet of Things Using Quantum Cryptography
Sangari, S. (2023) · Advances in systems analysis, software engineering, and high performance computing book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6697-1.ch014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Poornima, G., Sakkari, D. S., Karthikeyan, P., Manjunath, T. N., & Saritha, K. (2024) · Contributions to environmental sciences & innovative business technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58068-0_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sim, M., Lee, M., & Seo, H. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13193863 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Enhancing Internet of Things (IOT) Security Through Quantum Cryptography
Sakthivel, V., Rao, V., Prakash, P., & Lee, J.-W. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4948-8_13 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Navigating the Complex Landscape of IoT Forensics: Challenges and Emerging Solutions
Musa, N. S., Mirza, N. M., & Ali, A. (2023) · The International Arab Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.34028/iajit/3a/7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cyber-Security of IoT in Post-Quantum World
Acharya, K. V., Gandhi, S., & Dalal, P. D. (2024) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5961-7.ch013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
No Sum (NS) Sequence Based Post-Quantum Cryptography
Rawal, B. S., Kumar, P. M., & Singh, R. (2025) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-025-03782-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Preethi, P., Sapna, R., Devadas, R. M., Pavithra, N., Manasa, C. M., & Kokila, S. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS) · doi:10.1109/i2cacis65476.2025.11101274 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
LcDs: An IoT-Enabled Low-Cost and Efficient AQI Monitoring System Using Delay Synchronization
Khare, M. D., & Sachdeva, S. (2026) · IETE Journal of Research · doi:10.1080/03772063.2025.2601759 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bharadwaj, K. V., & Shree, L. V. (2026) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.70331 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Haribabu, M., Bhargav, K. V. J., Masood, J. A. I. S., Chakravarthy, N. S. K., Chaitanya, D., & Alvez, R. G. (2025) · IEEE Global Conference on Wireless Computing and Networking (GCWCN) · doi:10.1109/gcwcn66157.2025.11448466 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Study of security framework for lot devices: challenges, strategies and applications
Parmar, R., & Gajjar, N. (2026) · Service Oriented Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11761-026-00490-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Applications of Quantum Computing for Internet of Things
Varghese, J. E., & Paul, R. (2026) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-6276-3_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Almutairi, M. M., & Sheldon, F. T. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15173914 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantum Encryption Resilience Score (QERS): A System-Level Evaluation Framework
Rassekhnia, J., Andersson, K., & Monrat, A. A. (2026) · Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy · doi:10.3390/jcp6050166 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantum Cryptography - The Future of Communication and Internet Security
Neha, K., & Amrita, A. (2022) · MOL2NET International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences (MOL2NET) · doi:10.3390/mol2net-08-12637 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Messinis, S., Protonotarios, N. Ε., Tzortzis, I. N., Rallis, I., Kalogeras, D., & Doulamis, N. D. (2023) · International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA) · doi:10.1145/3594806.3596562 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Sustainable Blockchain and Asymmetric Broadcast Encryption-Based Secure E-Healthcare System
Yadav, S., & Yadav, V. (2024) · Contributions to environmental sciences & innovative business technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0088-2_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantum Cryptography and Its Implications for Future Cyber Security Trends
Kadve, D., Kumar, B., & Prasad, S. B. (2024) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5961-7.ch003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Krishnaveni, A., Gowtham, K., & Krishnaraj, S. (2025) · International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/icimia67127.2025.11200925 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Graph Key-Based Encryption Technique for IoT Networks: Graph-Affine Cipher
Venu, V. S., Kiranmai, B., Kalva, S. T., & Kallepelly, N. (2023) · Cognitive science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2746-3_57
Lattice-based zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge
Pinilla, R. (2023) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-396976
Chain-Digital: Securing IoT Environment by Exploring Chain Core and Cryptographic Signatures
Alghamdi, S., & Albeshri, A. A. (2025) · Proceedings in Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8588-9_8
Quantum Cryptography Techniques for Enhancing Security in IoT Communications
Naga, S. B. V., Kotiyal, A., Battula, R. S. S. R., Patil, H., Dharangutti, Y. M., & Natrayan, L. (2024) · International Conference on Distributed Systems, Computer Networks and Cybersecurity (ICDSCNC) · doi:10.1109/icdscnc62492.2024.10939791
Yuvarani, R., & Mahaveerakannan, R. (2025) · International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) · doi:10.1109/icict64420.2025.11004853
Weighted Range-Constrained Ising-Model Decoder for Quantum Error Correction
Guo, X., Awano, H., & Sato, T. G. (2025) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11133309
A Comprehensive Guide to Post-quantum Cryptography and Lightweight Security Solutions
Tahseen, S., & Abdullah, A. A. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6715-4_15
Gripsy, J. V., Dhanalakshmi, P., Sasikala, M., Usha, M., Ahamed Johnsha Ali, S., & Saravanan, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3166-9.ch001
Application of Post-Quantum Cryptography in Smart Urban Ecosystems
Anusha, J. S., & Annamalai, R. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3166-9.ch002
Pereira, S. A., Fernandes, M. M., Anita, E. A. M., & Grobova, T. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07275-7_33
Guo, X., Miao, G., Nishizawa, S., Awano, H., Kimura, S., & Sato, T. (2025) · doi:10.1109/iccad66269.2025.11240965
Quantum-Resilient Cryptographic Techniques for AI-Driven 6G Communication
Shah, A. F. M. S., Akhter, A. F. M. S., & Karabulut, M. A. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1009468
Enhancing Cloud Security in Smart Systems Using Post-quantum Cryptography
Kumar, A., Sharma, S., & Debnath, N. C. (2025) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07336-5_15
Self-citationSecurity Implications of Quantum-Resistant Encryption in Emerging IoT Networks
Blancaflor, E., Bona, M. F. J., Dychioco, D. J., Inson, M. J. P., & Reyes, P. R. K. (2026) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-1802-9_4
On-preventing and Mitigating of Leaking Secrets in AES By Side-Channel Attacks-CountermeasurePreprint
Souror, W., Shawky, M. A., Fouad, M. M., & Takieldeen, A. E. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8564307/v1
Seyhan, K., Akleylek, S., & Dursun, A. F. (2026) · Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.31466/kfbd.1695525
Quantum-Resilient Smart Cities: Cryptographic Strategies and Implementation Challenge
Atencio, G. S. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19019-2_23
Post Quantum Cryptography Enabled Hybrid Secure Web Browser for Future-Proof Communication
Chaudhari, S. S., Ananya, A., Shekar, S. L. S., Pavithra, J., & Dharwar, R. J. (2025) · International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS) · doi:10.1109/icscss64956.2025.11500978
Chaudhari, M. H. N. (2026) · International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science · doi:10.51583/ijltemas.2026.150500034
- Authors
- Kumar, A., Ottaviani, C., Gill, S. S., & Buyya, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (IN)
- University of York (GB)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Gill, Sukhpal Singh
- Venue
- SECURITY AND PRIVACY
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-12-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 2475-6725 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200100773
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 4.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Security and Privacy (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic
- Keywords
- post-quantum cryptography, Internet of Things, quantum attacks, lightweight cryptography, resource-constrained devices, ciphers, Internet of Things security, real-time applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
