Artificial Intelligence: Tool or Teammate?
Abstract
Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies generate increasingly sophisticated non‐human cognition; however, foundational learning theories only contemplate human cognition, and current research conceptualizes AI as a pedagogical tool. We argue that the incipient abilities of AI for mutual engagement with people could allow AI to participate as a legitimate member in social constructivist learning environments and suggest some potential structures and activities to explore AI's capabilities for full participation.
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Without explicit metacognitive training, students may skip crucial stages of application, analysis, and evaluation, making metacognitive support essential for sustaining gains.
“However, studies also warn that without explicit metacognitive training, students may skip crucial stages of application, analysis, and evaluation [98], making metacognitive support essential for sustaining gains.”
From A Systematic Literature Review on the Pedagogical Implications and Impact of GenAI on Students' Critical Thinking (2026) · cites this paper as [98]
Several studies report that supervised use of GenAI improves students' ability to plan their learning, monitor their understanding, and regulate their emotions when faced with complex tasks.
“Several studies report that supervised use of GenAI improves students' ability to plan their learning, monitor their understanding, and regulate their emotions when faced with complex tasks [98].”
From A Systematic Literature Review on the Pedagogical Implications and Impact of GenAI on Students' Critical Thinking (2026) · cites this paper as [98]
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- Authors
- Díaz, B., & Delgado, C.
- Affiliations
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Department of STEM Education, College of Education North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
- Corresponding author
- Díaz, Brayan
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Science Teaching
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-10-16
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2575-2584
- ISSN
- 0022-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2736
- OpenAlex
- W4403498765
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 5.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Science Teaching (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, social constructivism, human-AI interaction, nonhuman cognition, learning theory, artificial intelligence in education, cooperative learning
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