Cited by 354Pregnancy and preeclampsia studiesBirth, Development, and HealthCardiovascular Conditions and Treatments

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Progression of Doppler abnormalities in intrauterine growth restriction

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Turan, O. M., Turan, S., Gungor, S., Berg, C., Moyano, D., Gembruch, U., Nicolaides, K. H., Harman, C. R., Baschat, A. A.·2008·Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology

DOI 10.1002/uog.5386

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Abstract

Objective: To identify the sequence of progression of arterial and venous Doppler abnormalities from the onset of placental insufficiency in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods: Prospective observational study of singletons with IUGR (abdominal circumference < 5th percentile) who underwent serial standardized umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), ductus venosus (DV) and umbilical vein (UV) Doppler surveillance. Time intervals between progressive Doppler abnormalities and patterns of deterioration were related to UA Doppler status and gestational age. Results: Six hundred and sixty‐eight longitudinal examinations were performed in 104 fetuses, identifying three patterns of progression: (1) Mild placental dysfunction (n = 34) that remained confined to the UA/MCA. The UA became abnormal at a median of 32 weeks' gestation but the pulsatility index never exceeded 3 SD above normal. Progression took a median of 33 days, requiring delivery at a median of 35 weeks. (2) Progressive placental dysfunction (n = 49). Initially normal UA Doppler PI at 29 weeks' gestation increased beyond 3 SD, progressing to abnormal MCA, absent/reversed UA diastolic flow, abnormal DV, UV pulsations in 9‐day intervals requiring delivery by 33 weeks. (3) Severe early‐onset placental dysfunction (n = 21). Markedly elevated UA PI established by 27 weeks' gestation was associated with rapid (7‐day intervals) progression to abnormal venous Doppler with median delivery at 30.6 weeks. Gestational age at onset, time to delivery and progression intervals were different between patterns (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: The characteristics of cardiovascular manifestations in IUGR are determined by the gestational age at onset and the severity of placental disease. Recognition of these factors is critical for planning fetal surveillance in IUGR. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Background
Maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: diagnostic challenges, surveillance and treatment throughout the spectrum of kidney disease
Gouveia, I., Silva, J. R., Santos, C., & Carvalho, C. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-0055 · Cited by 17
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Background
Reference ranges for time‐related analysis of ductus venosus flow velocity waveforms in singleton pregnancies
Nakagawa, K., Tachibana, D., Nobeyama, H., Fukui, M., Sumi, T., Koyama, M., Ishiko, O., & Hecher, K. (2012) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.3908 · Cited by 17
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“Since current medical interventions for FGR are mainly focused on the prevention of adverse perinatal complications, whereas postnatal therapeutics for FGR are lacking, it would be essential for IUGR infants to implement lifelong lifestyle interventions (low-fat diet consumption, regular body exercise) aiming at avoid…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Maternal and fetal risk factors affecting perinatal mortality in early and late fetal growth restriction
Demirci, O., Selçuk, S., Kumru, P., Asoğlu, M. R., Mahmutoğlu, D., Boza, B., Türkyılmaz, G., Bütün, Z., Arısoy, R., & Tandoğan, B. (2015) · Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2015.03.006 · Cited by 17
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Background
Medium chain fatty acids in intrauterine growth restricted and small for gestational age pregnancies
Visentin, S., Crotti, S., Donazzolo, E., DaRonco, S., Nitti, D., Cosmi, E., & Agostini, M. (2017) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-017-1197-8 · Cited by 17
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“5,6 There are no proven screening methods for FGR, and following its identiﬁcation, there are no therapies in current obstetric practice that improve fetal growth in utero .”
Hematologic profile of neonates with growth restriction is associated with rate and degree of prenatal Doppler deterioration
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MethodSelf-citation
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Doppler Ultrasound of the Umbilical Artery: Clinical Application
Rocha, A. S., Andrade, A., Moleiro, M. L., & Guedes‐Martins, L. (2022) · Revista Brasileira Ginecologia e Obstetrícia · doi:10.1055/s-0042-1743097 · Cited by 16
The role of Doppler indices in predicting intra ventricular hemorrhage and perinatal mortality in fetal growth restriction.
Marsosi, V., Bahadori, F., Esfahani, F., & Ghasemi-rad, M. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Ductus venosus Doppler waveform pattern in fetuses with early growth restriction
Fratelli, N., Amighetti, S., Bhide, A., Fichera, A., Khalil, A. A., Papageorghiou, A. T., Prefumo, F., & Thilaganathan, B. (2019) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.13782 · Cited by 15
Fetal Assessment During Pregnancy
Farley, D., & Dudley, D. J. (2009) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.03.001 · Cited by 15
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BackgroundInfluential
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Clerici, G., Antonelli, C., Rizzo, G., Kanninen, T. T., & Renzo, G. C. D. (2012) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2012.741153 · Cited by 15
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Background
Doppler study of the fetal vertebral and middle cerebral arteries in fetuses with normal and increased umbilical artery resistance indices
Roselló, J. M., Hervás, D., Alfredo Perales, M., & Fraile, S. L. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Ultrasound · doi:10.1002/jcu.22025 · Cited by 15
“Subsequently, if this mechanism fails,(18,19) the venous Doppler anomalies reflect a progressive cardiac failure ending up with the deterioration of the biophysical profile.(20,21) Interestingly, postnatal studies have shown that the brain sparing at the ICA/MCA system might not completely protect the brain, as childr…”
Background
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Method
Detection of fetal growth restriction at autopsy in non‐anomalous stillborn infants
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Inverted formin 2 regulates intracellular trafficking, placentation, and pregnancy outcome
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“DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31150 9 of 23 Inf2 / pregnancies are complicated by placental vasculopathy Altered end-diastolic flow and pulsatility index may indicate the presence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and/or PE (Bond et al., 2015; Krebs et al., 1996; Turan et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Longitudinal change in cerebroplacental ratio in small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses and risk of stillbirth
Kalafat, E., Ozturk, E., Sivanathan, J., Thilaganathan, B., & Khalil, A. A. (2018) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.20193 · Cited by 15
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“Cerebral perfusion in IUGR shows clear regional variations that change with the progression of hemodynamic deterioration [29,32].”
Background
Pre-eclampsia and the foetus: a cardiovascular perspective
Bhorat, I. E. (2018) · Cardiovascular journal of South Africa/Cardiovascular journal of Southern Africa · doi:10.5830/cvja-2017-039 · Cited by 14
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A Protocol for Evaluating Vital Signs and Maternal-Fetal Parameters Using High-Resolution Ultrasound in Pregnant Mice
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Comparative Study of the Umbilical Artery Doppler Indices of Healthy and Growth-Restricted Foetuses in Lagos
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“[11] UADI are sensitive to early detection of foetal compromise and predicting perinatal outcomes.[12] They could also help to determine the timing of delivery and anticipate perinatal complications.”
Background
Renal artery Doppler compared with the cerebral placental ratio to identify fetuses at risk for adverse neonatal outcome
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“Turan described the sequence of Doppler abnormalities that occurred during the interval from diagnosis of FGR to delivery in their study of 104 cases [13].”
BackgroundInfluential
Fresh look at the doppler changes in pregnancies with placental-based complications
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The role of fetal growth restriction in the association between Down syndrome and perinatal mortality
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“In early onset FGR, serial Doppler wave-form assessment of the umbilical arteries, middle cerebral arteries, and ductus Venosus may predict fetal deterioration and guide the timing of delivery [30,38].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effects of Antenatal Betamethasone on Fetal Doppler Indices and Short Term Fetal Heart Rate Variation in Early Growth Restricted Fetuses
Fratelli, N., Prefumo, F., Wolf, H., Hecher, K., Visser, G. H. A., Giussani, D. A., Derks, J. B., Shaw, C. J., Frusca, T., Ghi, T., et al. (2019) · Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound · doi:10.1055/a-0972-1098 · Cited by 10
“Compared with delivery based only on the CTG-STV, deferring delivery until absent or reverse flow during the A-wave, unless delivery is mandated earlier by the CTG safety net criteria, is a safe management strategy with regard to intact survival without impairment at 2 years of age corrected for prematurity [8, 24–27].”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Elevated UA pulsatility, which in the most extreme cases manifests as absent or even reversed enddiastolic velocity, is associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and still-birth [4]–[8].”
Self-citation
The fetal cardiovascular response to increased placental vascular impedance to flow determined with 4-dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation and virtual organ computer-aided analysis
Hamill, N., Romero, R. J., Hassan, S. S., Lee, W., Myers, S. A., Mittal, P., Kusanovic, J. P., Balasubramaniam, M., Chaiworapongsa, T., Vaisbuch, E., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.043 · Cited by 10
Influence of Birthweight on the Prospective Stillbirth Risk in the Third Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study
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(2021) · Revista Uruguaya de Medicina Interna · doi:10.26445/06.02.10 · Cited by 9
Cardiac function in fetal growth restriction: a review
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Does the use of angiogenic biomarkers for the management of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction improve outcomes?: Challenging the current status quo
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Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Management and Timing of Birth
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Growth patterns and cardiovascular abnormalities in SGA fetuses: 2. Normal growth and progressive growth restriction
Deter, R. L., Dicker, P., Lee, W., Tully, E. C., Cody, F., Malone, F. D., & Flood, K. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1807506 · Cited by 8
Middle Cerebral Artery–to–Uterine Artery Pulsatility Index Ratio and Cerebroplacental Ratio Independently Predict Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnancies at Term
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Intermediate Diastolic Velocity as a Parameter of Cardiac Dysfunction in Growth-Restricted Fetuses
Tang, X., Hernandez‐Andrade, E. A., Ahn, H., Garcia, M., Saker, H., Korzeniewski, S. J., Tarca, A. L., Yeo, L., Hassan, S. S., & Romero, R. J. (2015) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000431321 · Cited by 8
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Yagel, S., Cohen, S. M., & Valsky, D. V. (2018) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.19053 · Cited by 8
Avaliação da vitalidade fetal anteparto
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Rosner, J., Rochelson, B., Rosen, L., Roman, A., Vohra, N., & Tam Tam, H. (2014) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.806475 · Cited by 7
Guideline No. 441: Antenatal Fetal Health Surveillance
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Maeda, M. D. F. Y., Nomura, R. M. Y., Niigaki, J. I., Francisco, R. P. V., & Zugaib, M. (2013) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.802304 · Cited by 7
Fetal Growth Restriction
Gallego, E. M., Torrecillas, A., Cahuana-Bartra, A. J., & Gómez‐Roig, M. D. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.90712 · Cited by 7
“It is related to severe placental insufficiency and chronic fetal hypoxia, and so UA Doppler is often pathological [16].”
Background
Fetal–placental blood flow and neurodevelopment in childhood: population‐based neuroimaging study
Sammallahti, S., Tiemeier, H. W., Louwen, S. C., Steegers, E. A. P., Hillegers, M. H. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., & White, T. J. H. (2020) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.22185 · Cited by 7
Comparison of ductus venosus Doppler and cerebroplacental ratio for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in high‐risk pregnancies before and after 34 weeks
Morales‐Roselló, J., Bhate, R., Eltaweel, N. A., & Khalil, A. A. (2023) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14570 · Cited by 6
Diagnóstico y seguimiento del feto con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) y del feto pequeño para la edad gestacional (PEG). Consenso Colombiano*
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Buca, D. I. P., Liberati, M., Rizzo, G., Gazzolo, D., Chiarelli, F., Giannini, C., Tizio, L. D., D’Adamo, E., Nappi, L., Scambia, G., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1731456 · Cited by 7
“Management of early FGR based upon serial assessment of the ductus venosus and computerized cardiotocography has increased the chance of survival compared to the last decades [5,6].”
Background
Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Baschat, A., Galan, H. L., & Gabbe, S. G. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1935-2.00031-4 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Results of Doppler examinations in fetuses of mothers with earlyand late-onset preeclampsia
Skrzypczak, J., & Kornacki, J. (2014) · Ginekologia Polska · doi:10.17772/gp/1761 · Cited by 7
“BMI w momencie rozpoznania PE 28,7 (22,6-33,1) 29,9 (23,5-46,5) NS”
Evaluation of Umbilical Artery Doppler Indices in Pregnant Women With Sickle Cell Anemia Disease at a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
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“Intrauterine growth restriction is further classified into early and late-onset IUGR, with these two groups having different clinical, biochemical, and histological features.(17) Early onset IUGR occurs before 32 weeks GA(18) and is associated with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler indices and preeclampsia.”
Background
Effects of umbilical cord milking versus delayed cord clamping on systemic blood flow in intrauterine growth-restricted neonates: A randomized controlled trial
Angadi, C., Singh, P. K., Shrivastava, Y., Priyadarshi, M., Chaurasia, S., Chaturvedi, J., & Basu, S. (2023) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-023-05105-x · Cited by 6
Rate of deterioration of umbilical artery Doppler indices in fetuses with severe early-onset fetal growth restriction
Martins, J. G., Kawakita, T., Barake, C., Gould, L., Baraki, D. I., Connell, P., Sinkovskaya, E. S., & Abuhamad, A. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101283 · Cited by 6
The role of endothelial dysfunction in fetal growth restriction
Башмакова, Н. В., Tsyv’yan, P. B., Chistyakova, G. N., Dankova, I. V., Trapeznikova, Y. M., & Chukanova, A. N. (2017) · Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician-Gynecologist · doi:10.17116/rosakush201717321-26 · Cited by 6
Managing fetal growth restriction: surveillance tests and their interpretation
Seravalli, V., Tommaso, M. D., & Petraglia, F. (2019) · Minerva Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04323-x · Cited by 6
Chronic Hypoxia Inhibits Respiratory Complex IV Activity and Disrupts Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Fetal Guinea Pig Forebrain
Quebedeaux, T. M., Song, H., Giwa‐Otusajo, J., & Thompson, L. P. (2021) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00779-w · Cited by 6
Umbilical Vein Pulse Wave Spectral Analysis: A Possible Method for Placental Assessment Through Evaluation of Maternal and Fetal Flow Components
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Longitudinal Doppler Assessments in Late Preterm Fetal Growth Restriction
Mylrea‐Foley, B., Wolf, H., Stampalija, T., Lees, C. C., Arabin, B., Berger, A., Bergman, E., Bhide, A., Bilardo, C. M., Breeze, A., et al. (2021) · Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound · doi:10.1055/a-1511-8293 · Cited by 6
Overview of fetal growth retardation/restriction
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Use of the Renal Artery Doppler to Identify Small for Gestational Age Fetuses at Risk for Adverse Neonatal Outcomes
Contag, S. A., Visentin, S., Goetzinger, K. R., & Cosmi, E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10091835 · Cited by 5
“Fetuses diagnosed as being growth-restricted after 32 weeks are reported to have increased perinatal mortality in the absence of increased resistance in the UA [11,12].”
Background
Clinical use of angiogenesis biomarkers in fetal growth restriction: a narrative review
Villalaín, C., Galindo, A., D’Antonio, F., & Herraı̀z, I. (2025) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2025.2589630 · Cited by 8
“This is reflected by the great variability reported in the different guidelines [42], likely stemming from the wide time-range that has been described between diagnosis and need for delivery in such cases [43].”
Linking maternal and neonatal circulation in preeclampsia
Piani, F., Annesi, L., Esposti, D. D., Vincenzi, S., Crescenzo, S. D., Gatta, A. N. D., Simonazzi, G., Corvaglia, L., & Martini, S. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00945.2025 · Cited by 5
Computerized fetal heart rate analysis in the prediction of myocardial damage in pregnancies with placental insufficiency
Maeda, M. D. F. Y., Nomura, R. M. Y., Niigaki, J. I., Francisco, R. P. V., & Zugaib, M. (2015) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.03.031 · Cited by 5
Development of a fetal risk assessment score for the prediction of neonatal outcome in the growth-restricted fetus
Ott, W. J. (2012) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2012.679712 · Cited by 5
“[25] performed serial Doppler studies on very high-risk fetuses and showed that there was a progression of abnormal findings that occur days or even weeks before the development of an abnormal BPP.”
Background
Hypercoiled cord can cause a reversible abnormal Doppler in ductus venosus in cases of fetal growth restriction
Iwagaki, S., Takahashi, Y., Chiaki, R., Asai, K., Matsui, M., Mori, T., & Kawabata, I. (2018) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.13722 · Cited by 5
“fetal growth restriction (FGR) with placental insufficiency.(4,5) An absent or reversed a-wave in DV (DV-”
Background
Maternal risk factors and perinatal outcomes in fetal growth restriction using obstetric Doppler in South Kerala, India
Heera Shenoy, T., James, S. X., & Sheela Shenoy, T. (2018) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20185062 · Cited by 4
“The diagnosis to delivery interval was 46 days, 38 days and 23 days in mild, moderate and severe placental insufficiency according to Turan et al.10 In present study 33 % delivered in 48 hrs, 39% in a week, and 28% waited >14 days.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Fetal Biometric Assessment and Infant Developmental Prognosis of the Tadalafil Treatment for Fetal Growth Restriction
Tsuji, M., Maki, S., Enomoto, N., Okamoto, K., Kitamura, A., Magawa, S., Takakura, S., Nii, M., Tanaka, K., Yodoya, N., et al. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59050900 · Cited by 5
Classification
Helfer, T. M., Eixarch, E., Figueras, F., & Gratacós, E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00051-6_5 · Cited by 5
The use of low dose sildenafil citrate in cases of intrauterine growth restriction
Mohammed, E. E., Alashkar, O. S., Abdeldayem, T. M., & Mohammed, S. A. (2017) · Clinical Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.15761/cogrm.1000192 · Cited by 5
“Hemodynamic changes involve maternal uterine, fetal umbilical, and middle cerebral arteries and precordial veins for cardiac effects of placental dysfunction [9,10].”
Background
Monochorionic vs Dichorionic Twins: Kanet Test vs Postnatal Neurodevelopment
Mihaela, B., Vlădăreanu, R., Burnei, A., Alexandra, M., Calo, I., & Vlădăreanu, S. (2020) · MAEDICA – a Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.26574/maedica.2020.15.1.61 · Cited by 5
The prospective associations of fetal growth-related pregnancy complications with subsequent breastfeeding duration and markers of human milk production
Pang, W. W., Geddes, D. T., Lai, C. T., Michael, N., Huang, J. Y., Chan, Y. H., Cheong, C. Y., Fok, D., Pundir, S., Ng, S., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.008 · Cited by 4
Fetal Cerebrovascular Response to Maternal Hyperoxia Testing and Association With Brain Growth and Postnatal Brain Injury in Congenital Heart Disease
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“23,24 This observation is thought to be an adaptive response to intrauterine hypoxia.”
Transitional haemodynamic profiles of intrauterine growth-restricted preterm infants: correlation with antenatal Doppler characteristics
Martini, S., Gatta, A. N. D., Austin, T., Lenzi, J., Parladori, R., Annunziata, M., Smielewski, P. S., Czosnyka, M., Pilu, G., & Corvaglia, L. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-04194-8 · Cited by 4
“10 If placental insuf ﬁ - ciency further worsens, the brain-sparing adaptation may fail to support fetal circulation, leading to an impaired venous return and subsequent Doppler abnormalities in the ductus venosus (DV), which are a harbinger of impending fetal demise.”

Authors: Turan, O. M., Turan, S., Gungor, S., Berg, C., Moyano, D., Gembruch, U., Nicolaides, K. H., Harman, C. R., & Baschat, A. A.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
University of Bonn (DE)
Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine (GB)
Corresponding author: Baschat, A. A.
ORCID: Turan, O. M.
Turan, S.
Berg, C.
Gembruch, U.
Nicolaides, K. H.
Harman, C. R.
Baschat, A. A.
Venue: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2008-07-15
Volume: 32
Issue: 2
Pages: 160-167
ISSN: 0960-7692 (ISSN-L)
1469-0705
DOI: 10.1002/uog.5386
OpenAlex: W2136237774
Semantic Scholar: a3107662a43e356994ae81184ea4120ca9962b26
Cited by: 353
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 19.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Cardiovascular Conditions and Treatments
Keywords: fetal growth restriction, placental insufficiency, umbilical artery Doppler, middle cerebral artery Doppler, ductus venosus Doppler, pulsatility index, fetal monitoring, gestational age at onset
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, Placental Insufficiency, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Pulsatile Flow, Umbilical Arteries, Ultrasonography, Prenatal, Disease Progression, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed, Young Adult

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Progression of Doppler abnormalities in intrauterine growth restriction

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