The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 2 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Psychotherapies for depression in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Most psychotherapies for depression have been developed in high‐income Western countries of North America, Europe and Australia. A growing number of randomized trials have examined the effects of these treatments in non‐Western countries. We conducted a meta‐analysis of these studies to examine whether these psychotherapies are effective and to compare their effects between studies from Western and non‐Western countries. We conducted systematic searches in bibliographical databases and included 253 randomized controlled trials, of which 32 were conducted in non‐Western countries. The effects of psychotherapies in non‐Western countries were large (g=1.10; 95% CI: 0.91‐1.30), with high heterogeneity (I 2=90; 95% CI: 87‐92). After adjustment for publication bias, the effect size dropped to g=0.73 (95% CI: 0.51‐0.96). Subgroup analyses did not indicate that adaptation to the local situation was associated with the effect size. Comparisons with the studies in Western countries showed that the effects of the therapies were significantly larger in non‐Western countries, also after adjusting for characteristics of the participants, the treatments and the studies. These larger effect sizes in non‐Western countries may reflect true differences indicating that therapies are indeed more effective; or may be explained by the care‐as‐usual control conditions in non‐Western countries, often indicating that no care was available; or may be the result of the relative low quality of many trials in the field. This study suggests that psychotherapies that were developed in Western countries may or may not be more effective in non‐Western countries, but they are probably no less effective and can therefore also be used in these latter countries.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with high heterogeneity (I 2 590; 95% CI: 87-92).”
- Also stated in: § Effects of psychotherapies in non-Western countries · plain
“Heterogeneity was very high (I 2 590; 95% CI: 87-92).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Effects of psychotherapies in non-Western countries · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the eight studies in high-income, non-Western countries resulted in an effect size of g50.86 (95% CI: 0.48-1.23;NNT53.30;I 2 571; 95% CI: 24-84) compared to g50.59 in Western countries (Table 2).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Comparison between the effects of psychotherapy in Western vs. non-Western countries
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found that the type of control group was significantly associated with the effect size, with care-as-usual control groups resulting in higher effect sizes than waiting list and other control groups (p50.02).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > BDI -Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NNT -numbers-needed-to-be-treated, CBT -cognitive behavior therapy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the number of treatment sessions (coefficient: 0.00; 95% CI: 20.04 to 0.04; p51.00)”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > BDI -Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NNT -numbers-needed-to-be-treated, CBT -cognitive behavior therapy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A direct comparison between high-income countries in Western and non-Western countries did not indicate a significant difference (p50.17),but this may have been related to the small number of studies from high-income non-Western countries.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Comparison between the effects of psychotherapy in Western vs. non-Western countries
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In the paper
“we found no indication that the effect size was significantly associated with the GNI (coefficient: 0.00; 95% CI: 20.00 to 0.00; p50.56)”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > BDI -Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NNT -numbers-needed-to-be-treated, CBT -cognitive behavior therapy
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Egger's test also pointed at significant asymmetry of the funnel plot (p50.004;intercept: 2.42; 95% CI: 0.65-4.20).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > BDI -Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NNT -numbers-needed-to-be-treated, CBT -cognitive behavior therapy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled effect size after excluding these extreme outliers was g50.87 (95% CI: 0.73-1.06;I 2 578; 95% CI: 69-83).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Effects of psychotherapies in non-Western countries
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether the study was conducted in a Western or non-Western country remained a significant predictor of the effect size after adjusting for all other characteristics of the participants, interventions and studies (p<0.001).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Comparison between the effects of psychotherapy in Western vs. non-Western countries
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another 221 studies (with 297 comparisons between a treatment and a control group) on psychotherapies in Western countries were included (for the comparison of effect sizes in Western versus non-Western countries).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Selection and inclusion of studies
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant difference across countries with different incomes, with the highest effect sizes in low-and middle-income countries.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Comparison between the effects of psychotherapy in Western vs. non-Western countries
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of psychotherapies in non-Western countries were large (g51.10;95% CI: 0.91-1.30),with high heterogeneity (I 2 590; 95% CI: 87-92).”
- Also stated in: § Effects of psychotherapies in non-Western countries · plain
“The overall effect in the 35 comparisons between psychotherapies and control groups was g51.10 (95% CI: 0.91-1.30),which corresponds with a NNT of 2.51.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Effects of psychotherapies in non-Western countries · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 32 studies conducted in non-Western countries (with 35 comparisons between a psychotherapy and a control condition) met inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis (Table 1).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Selection and inclusion of studies
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen from Table 2, the resulting effect sizes were almost the same as in the overall analyses.Heterogeneity was still very high in these analyses.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > BDI -Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NNT -numbers-needed-to-be-treated, CBT -cognitive behavior therapy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that the effect size in Western countries (g5 0.60; 95% CI: 0.55-0.64;I 2 559; 95% CI: 53-64; NNT54.99) was significantly lower than in non-Western countries (p<0.001).”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Comparison between the effects of psychotherapy in Western vs. non-Western countries
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen, in all three models, risk of bias and type of control group remained significant, as well as the dummies indicating Western vs. non-Western countries, the regions and the income level.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Comparison between the effects of psychotherapy in Western vs. non-Western countries
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted systematic searches in bibliographical databases and included 253 randomized controlled trials, of which 32 were conducted in non-Western countries.”
- Also stated in: § Selection and inclusion of studies · plain
“This makes a total of 253 studies that were included in the analyses.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Selection and inclusion of studies · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the other subgroup analyses resulted in significant differences between subgroups, and that included the region (East Asia, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, other), the level of income of the country (high, upper middle, low/ lower middle), and whether or not the treatment was adapted to the local situation.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > BDI -Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NNT -numbers-needed-to-be-treated, CBT -cognitive behavior therapy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The six comparisons with the lowest risk of bias (no risk of bias for any of the four items of the assessment tool) had an effect size of g50.51 (95% CI: 0.34-0.69;NNT56.01)compared to g51.20 (95% CI: 0.84-1.56;NNT52.29) in the studies with the highest risk of bias.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > BDI -Beck Depression Inventory, HAM-D -Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NNT -numbers-needed-to-be-treated, CBT -cognitive behavior therapy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also examined the effect sizes in the different regions and found that they differed significant across regions (p<0.001), with the lowest effect sizes in North America, Europe and Australia, and the highest in East Asia, South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Comparison between the effects of psychotherapy in Western vs. non-Western countries
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“these studies with low risk of bias had considerably lower effect sizes than those with higher risk, very comparable to the ones found in Western countries.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > DISCUSSION
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted systematic searches in bibliographical databases and included 253 randomized controlled trials, of which 32 were conducted in non-Western countries.”
- Also stated in: § Identification and selection of studies · plain
“For this database we searched four major bibliographical sources (PubMed, Psyc-INFO, Embase and the Cochrane Library) by combining terms (both index terms and text words) indicative of depression and psychotherapies, with filters for randomized controlled trials.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Identification and selection of studies · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assessment of the quality of the included studies was conducted by two independent researchers, and disagreements were solved through discussion.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Quality assessment and data extraction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Because we expected considerable heterogeneity among the studies, we employed a random effects pooling model in all analyses.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Meta-analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All records were screened by two independent researchers and all papers that could possibly meet inclusion criteria according to one of the researchers were retrieved as full text.The decision to include or exclude a study was also done by the two independent researchers, and disagreements were solved through discussion.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Identification and selection of studies
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In the paper
“We tested for publication bias by inspecting the funnel plot on primary outcome measures and by Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill procedure 34 , which yields an estimate of the effect size after the publication bias has been taken into account (as implemented in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis).We also conducted Egger's test of the intercept to quantify the bias captured by the funnel plot and to test”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Meta-analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
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In the paper
“We conducted sensitivity analyses excluding potential outliers.These were defined as studies in which the 95% CI of the effect size did not overlap with the 95% CI of the pooled effect size.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Meta-analyses
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study suggests that psychotherapies that were developed in Western countries may or may not be more effective in non-Western countries, but they are probably no less effective and can therefore also be used in these latter countries.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 32 included non-Western trials are representative of psychotherapies for depression in non-Western countries generally.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this meta-analysis, we included three studies in which two psychological treatments were compared with the same control group.This means that multiple comparisons were included in the same analysis, which may have resulted in an artificial reduction of heterogeneity and may have affected the pooled effect size.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > Effects of psychotherapies in non-Western countries
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the quality of most of the included studies was not optimal, and only a handful of them had a high quality.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > DISCUSSION
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our searches mainly focused on Western databases, while studies published in other languages were not directly accessible.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“because the description of the intervention was very brief in most papers, so that it cannot be excluded that the interventions were still adapted although this was not mentioned in the paper.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this study suggests that psychotherapies developed in Western countries may or not be more effective in non-Western countries, but are probably no less effective and can therefore also be used in these latter countries, regardless of their income level.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most studies in non-Western countries were conducted in a selected sample of countries in Asia, and only few in Africa and Latin America.”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it would be possible to introduce low intensity interventions as a first line treatment”
§ Psychotherapies for depression in low-and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Low-intensity interventions are simpler and less costly to deliver than high-intensity ones.
The paper relies on this without support.
Most psychotherapies for depression were developed in high-income Western countries.
“Most psychotherapies have been developed in high-income Western countries in North America, Europe and Australia, and the vast majority of the more than 450 randomized trials which have examined their effects 20 have been conducted in those countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 32 included non-Western trials are representative of psychotherapies for depression in non-Western countries generally.
“This study suggests that psychotherapies that were developed in Western countries may or may not be more effective in non-Western countries, but they are probably no less effective and can therefore also be used in these latter countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low-intensity interventions are simpler and less costly to deliver than high-intensity ones.
“because these are easier and cheaper to implement than high intensity ones.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Accumulating evidence from 30 trials also supports efficacy of mindfulness-based CBT, preventive CBT, and IPT in relapse prevention. 553”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [553]
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of depression treatments in low- and middle-income countries has been conducted with 32 RCTs, looking at different intervention types, formats (eg, guided self-help, group therapy), and comparators (eg, waitlist, treatment as usual) [25]. An effect size of 0.73 (Hedges g) was found for symptoms of depression.”
From Evaluating the Effectiveness of an E-Mental Health Intervention for People Living in Lebanon: Protocol for Two Randomized Controlled Trials (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting upper confidence limits for the same pooled effect
MinorThe text and Table 3 report the same effect size and heterogeneity after excluding the three extreme outliers, but give different upper limits for its 95% confidence interval: 1.06 versus 1.02.
“The pooled effect size after excluding these extreme outliers was g50.87 (95% CI: 0.73-1.06;I 2 578; 95% CI: 69-83).”
“| | Non-Western | 32 | 0.87 | 0.73-1.02 | 78 | 69-83 | | 3.26 |”
Citations
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2 of the 69 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Beck AT, 1996, BDI‐II, Beck depression Inventory: manual
- Orsini N, 2005, Heterogi: Stata module to quantify heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–153 of 153
Psychological Treatment for Depressive Disorder
Li, X., & Wang, Q. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9271-0_13 · Cited by 3
Valkovskaya, M., Hassan, A., Zartaloudi, E., Hussain, F., Umar, M., Khizar, B., Khattak, I., Gill, S. A., Khan, S.-U.-D. A., Dogar, I. A., et al. (2022) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000333 · Cited by 3
“In line with other studies in LMICs (Cuijpers et al., 2018), only a small number of participants in this study (6%) had access to psychological therapies (Fig.”
InfluentialMarwat, A. R., Rizvi, S., Ip, V., Rodak, T., Saleem, H., Liang, R., Khan, M. A., Husain, N., Hankir, A. K., Farooq, S., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-025-00251-6 · Cited by 3
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Reijnders, M., Purgato, M., & Barbui, C.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Verona (IT)
- Venue
- World Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-01-19
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 90-101
- ISSN
- 1723-8617 (ISSN-L)
- 2051-5545
- PMC
- PMC5775122
- OpenAlex
- W2724934802
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 19.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- World Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- depression, psychotherapy, low- and middle-income countries, cross-cultural generalizability, treatment effectiveness, publication bias, trial quality
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