A rating scale for depression
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Maternal major depressive disorder was established by DSM-IV diagnosis and a HAM-D score of at least 15, and children were required to be receiving psychiatric treatment for an internalizing disorder.
“Mothers were deemed eligible if they had a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria, received a score ≥ 15 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 25-item version)[33] and were the custodial parent of a 7–18-year-old child receiving psychiatric treatment for an internalizing disorder.”
From Role of maternal childhood trauma on parenting among depressed mothers of psychiatrically ill children (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
The citation is attached to the HAM-D instrument, not to the citing study’s eligibility criteria. Hamilton’s “Description of the Rating Scale” identifies a depression rating scale, but says it contains 17 variables, not 25. It does not establish the ≥15 cutoff or the maternal and child eligibility requirements. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis is in accordance with Aaron Beck's contention that depression is not only manifested in a negative self-appraisal but also involves negative cognitions about the world and the future.
“This is in accordance with Aaron Beck's famous contention that depression is not only manifested in a negative self-appraisal but also involves negative cognitions about the world and the future.”
From The more it is needed, the less it is wanted: Attitudes toward face-to-face intervention among depressed patients undergoing online treatment (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
Appendix II (page not available) lists self-reproach and pessimism about the future as symptoms of depression. It does not present Aaron Beck’s contention or describe negative cognitions about the world, so it supports only part of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGreater depression severity, as assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, was an independent predictor of TSST-induced increases in both IL-6 and NFκB while adjusting for the effects of early life stress on inflammatory activity.
“greater depression severity, as assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton, 1960), was an independent predictor of TSST-induced increases in both IL-6 and NFκ B while adjusting for the effects of early life stress on inflammatory activity”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Hamilton, 1960
Anxiety and depression were quantified using the Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety and Depression.
“The Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety (HAM‐A) (Hamilton, 1959) and Depression (HAM‐D, 17‐item version) (Hamilton, 1960) were used to quantify the degree of anxiety and depression, respectively.”
From Differences in response inhibition between medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without sensory phenomena (2026) · cites this paper as Hamilton, 1960
The HAM-D consists of 21 items but is scored on the first 17 items.
“The HAM-D consists of 21 items but is scored on the first 17 items.”
A higher HAM-D score indicates greater severity of depressive symptoms.
“The higher the score, the greater the severity of depressive symptoms.”
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is an observer-administered instrument to assess the severity of depressive symptoms.
“The HAM-D is an observer-administered instrument to assess the severity of depressive symptoms.”
The BDI has substantial correlations with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (r=.61-.81, mean .73) and internal consistency above .8.
“Studies with psychiatric samples show substantial correlation coefficients for BDI and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS; [23] ) ranging from r = .61 to .81; the mean correlation coefficient is r = .73. [22] Internal consistency for both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric populations is above .8. [24]”
From The more it is needed, the less it is wanted: Attitudes toward face-to-face intervention among depressed patients undergoing online treatment (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
HAM-D total score interpretation: 0-7 indicates normal, 8-16 denotes mild depression, 17-23 indicates moderate depression, and 24 and above denotes severe depression.
“The interpretation of the total score is such that the score of 0–7 indicates normal, 8–16 denotes mild depression, 17–23 indicates moderate depression, and 24 and above denotes severe depression (42).”
From The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder among adult males: a randomized controlled trial comparing with acceptance and commitment therapy and treatment as usual (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
The Results discuss summed scores, and the appendix gives scores for individual symptoms, but neither provides total-score severity categories. Searches for the stated cutoffs and for mild, moderate, and severe total-score interpretations found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese instruments are well-validated for assessing overall suicide risk.
“While each of these instruments is well-validated for assessing overall suicide risk, none were developed to assess short-term changes in SI.”
From New methods for assessing rapid changes in suicide risk (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
None of these instruments were developed to assess short-term changes in SI.
“While each of these instruments is well-validated for assessing overall suicide risk, none were developed to assess short-term changes in SI.”
From New methods for assessing rapid changes in suicide risk (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Most of the literature exploring the anti-suicidal effects of ketamine used single items from MADRS (Item 10) and HAM-D (Item 3) as well as longer suicide-specific measures such as SSI and C-SSRS.
“For example, most of the literature exploring the anti-suicidal effects of ketamine used single items from the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; specifically, Item 10) (23) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D; specifically, Item 3) (24) as well as longer, suicide-specific measures such as the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) (25) and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating”
From New methods for assessing rapid changes in suicide risk (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Symptomatic severity of bipolar disorder was evaluated with HAMD-17 and YMRS, and the assessment was performed by the same well-trained researcher on all cases.
“The symptomatic severity of BD was evaluated with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) (26) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) (27). To make sure the quality and reliability of the assessment, it was performed by the same well-trained researcher (Zhaoyu Gan) on all the cases.”
From Are serum levels of inflammatory markers associated with the severity of symptoms of bipolar disorder? (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Tobacco smokers have higher β2*-nAChR availability compared with non-smokers in non-psychiatric populations, which normalizes by 6-12 weeks of abstinence.
“Studies suggest that tobacco smokers have higher β2*-nAChR availability compared with non-smokers in non-psychiatric populations (34) which normalizes by 6–12 weeks of abstinence (44).”
From Persistent β <sub>2</sub> *-Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [34]
The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD).
“In addition, the severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) [26].”
From Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and related primary fatty acid amides in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
Several symptom scales were developed for use within clinical samples only.
“several symptom scales were developed for use within clinical samples only and may vary minimally in undiagnosed participants [12], [13]”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
Several symptom scales may vary minimally in undiagnosed participants.
“several symptom scales were developed for use within clinical samples only and may vary minimally in undiagnosed participants [12], [13]”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
The normal circadian variation in endogenous leptin is characterized by a pulsatile circadian rhythm with marked nocturnal rise.
“We chose daily evening administration to model the normal circadian variation in endogenous leptin, which is characterized by a pulsatile circadian rhythm with marked nocturnal rise (19).”
From Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults (2004) · cites this paper as [19]
The HDRS-17 is one of the methods most commonly employed to measure change in depressive symptom severity in treatment for depression clinical trials.
“The HDRS-17 (33), one of the methods most commonly employed to measures change in depressive symptoms severity in treatment for depression clinical trials, was derived from the HDRS-28, and used as dependent variable.”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
Baseline depression severity (HAMD) predicted EMA-assessed sad mood and negative thoughts, including suicidal ideation.
“Baseline depression severity [Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMD (92)] predicted EMA-assessed sad mood and negative thoughts (incl. suicidal ideation) (81).”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
The degree of depression was established using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).
“the degree of depression was established using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (Table 1) [12].”
From Home-based psychiatric outpatient care through videoconferencing for depression: a randomized controlled follow-up trial (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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Hamilton, M. ;. W. (1959) · J. ment. Sci
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- Authors
- Hamilton, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hamilton, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1960-02-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-62
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC495331
- OpenAlex
- W2114613490
- Semantic Scholar
- b292a2f25e64c16d40374236c95475d44a2c0bd1
- Cited by
- 32,817
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1044 · 2025: 1239 · 2024: 1266 · 2023: 1197 · 2022: 1212 · 2021: 1286 · 2020: 1248 · 2019: 1096 · 2018: 1125 · 2017: 1043 · 2016: 1124 · 2015: 1146 · 2014: 1189 · 2013: 1172 · 2012: 1038
- FWCI
- 20.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, rating scales, depression assessment, psychometric assessment
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychometrics
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