From exception to the norm: how mental health interventions have become part and parcel of the humanitarian response

Abstract

Humanitarian psychiatry is the provision of services for mental health and psychosocial support in a humanitarian context – that is, to populations exposed to collective violence, forced displacement or natural disasters. Unfortunately, humanitarian needs have grown: nearly 80 million are forcibly displaced in the world today, that is one in a hundred people, with diminishing numbers returning home. These figures do not include those with humanitarian needs who are not displaced, but who are also in danger, as for example in Yemen at this time. When the first author of this paper began her career in human­itarian psychiatry 30 years ago, during the Balkan wars, psychiatry in humanitarian settings focused largely on one diagnosis (post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD) and individualized medical interventions to prevent and/or address it. She encountered the same approaches in Iraq in 2003, and after the 2004 South-East Asian tsunami1. The publication in 2007 of the Inter-Agency Standing Commit­tee (IASC) Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings heralded a new understanding and a new approach. Namely, that tightly defined psychiatric problems are only part of a spectrum of mental health and psychosocial needs. These may be prevented or mitigated if people's basic needs for food, shelter and security, and their social needs for connection and justice, are addressed in a dignified and equitable manner that respects human rights (see Silove2 in this issue of the journal). This requires multi-sectoral action, with different levels of intensity and specialization. Clinical services constitute a modest part of the pyramid of multi-layered mental health and psychosocial services and supports, the others being: a) focused non-specialized psychosocial support, b) strengthening the capacity of individuals, families and communities to support themselves, and c) embedding social and psychological considerations into the way basic needs and security are delivered. That is not to say that clinical needs are insignificant. The latest World Health Organization (WHO) figures show that more than one in five people in post-conflict settings have depression, anxiety disorder, PTSD, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia3. Fortunately, certain barriers to addressing psychiatric disorders in emergency settings have been removed. Prior to 2009, mental health problems were not included in the health information system of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which meant they were invisible. Since then, the inclusion of seven, and currently nine, mental and neurological categories has highlighted the significance of these conditions4. Another problem was that only three psychiatric medications were included in WHO essential drug kits for emergencies. The increase to five in 2011, continued in 2017, has meant that pharmacological treatments are now available in emergencies5. The first most significant development of the last decade is the recognition that the provision of essential mental health services is not the exclusive realm of mental health specialists. It can be done by non-specialized health workers, particularly in primary care, if they are well trained and supervised. The development and rollout, by the WHO and UNHCR, of the Mental Health Gap Action Programme Humanitarian Intervention Guide (mhGAP-HIG) for clinical management of mental, neurological and substance use conditions in humanitarian emergencies has played a pivotal role in making non-specialized, community-based delivery possible6. The other main development has been the emergence of a range of brief psychological interventions that can be easily taught to non-specialized staff and community volunteers. These have the potential to be rapidly brought to scale in a relatively cost-effective manner7. Many of these interventions have been purposely developed for, and tested in, humanitarian contexts rather than simply being superficial adaptations of existing tools from high-income settings8. In addition, other actors and sectors now recognize that addressing mental health is a major component of humanitarian response. In the last decade, mental health has become increasingly engrained within policy documents and guidelines. For example, the Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Clinical Guide now includes a chapter on mental health needs; the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) emphasizes the need for infant stimulation in food emergencies, and the Child Protection Minimum Standards include mental health and psychosocial support. The Sphere Handbook, the most authoritative guide for emergency responses, has mental health and psychosocial support integrated throughout. Moreover, the IASC Principals, the highest decision makers for emergencies, in their meeting of December 5, 2019, agreed to "treat mental health and psychosocial support as a cross-cutting issue that has relevance within health, protection, nutrition, education and