Feed intake and digestion in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus): Consequences for dietary management
Abstract
Captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) often consume diets high in prey and meat items even though they are omnivorous in the wild. These soft, high protein diets may exacerbate conditions of gingivitis and cystinuria in this species. Feed intakes were monitored in wolves provided with prey and meat‐based diets (3 periods) and subsequently with extruded dog chows and small amounts of prey (2 periods). Digestibilities of each type of diet were measured with the indigestible marker chromic oxide. Dry matter intakes were similar between diets (374–584 g · 30 kg−1 · d−1), even though dietary protein content was reduced from 44% to 29% of dry matter. Digestibility of dry matter was unaltered by these dietary changes (77% of high prey diet vs. 73% of chow diet), but fecal consistency changed to softer stools at lower intakes of prey. Estimated metabolizable energy intakes of wolves (501–674 kJ · kg−0.75 · d−1) were similar to the maintenance requirement for domestic dogs (525 kJ · kg−0.75 · d−1), suggesting a similar energy requirement for maintenance of the wolves. The metabolizable energy derived from protein in the high prey diets was 37%, whereas that of the chow diets was only 27%. These levels exceed estimates of protein requirements for maintenance (4.3–21.8%) and growth (11.5–20.3%) in domestic dogs and may thus exceed those of the wolves. Dietary management of maned wolves should minimize excess protein intake by limiting prey consumption and acclimating animals to extruded diets for domestic dogs. Further research is required to formulate diets for long‐term management of cystinuria in maned wolves. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
To our knowledge, no nutrient data on free-ranging maned wolves have been published so far, and the only other nutrient composition analysis was done on zoo-kept individuals.
“To our knowledge, no nutrient data on free-ranging maned wolves have been published so far, and the only other nutrient composition analysis was done on zoo-kept individuals (Barboza et al. 1994).”
From Digestive anatomy and diet of free-ranging maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) (2025) · cites this paper as Barboza et al. 1994
Barboza et al. (1994) suggested that crude protein levels of 'prey-based diets' were too high for maned wolves and that, rather, low-protein diets based on extrudates should be used instead.
“Barboza et al. (1994) suggested that crude protein levels of 'prey-based diets' were too high for maned wolves and that, rather, low-protein diets based on extrudates should be”
From Digestive anatomy and diet of free-ranging maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) (2025) · cites this paper as Barboza et al. (1994)
Cites
Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists
(1991) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0003-2670(91)87088-o · Cited by 3,609 · see citing works
1988 IUCN red list of threatened animals
Baillie, J., & Groombridge, B. (1988) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.45189 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 3
Glover, G. J. (1994) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
Dietz, J. M. (1984) · Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology · doi:10.5479/si.00810282.392 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Digestive and metabolic efficiencies of grizzly and black bears
Pritchard, G. T., & Robbins, C. T. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z90-244 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Fahey, G. C., Jr., Merchen, N. R., Corbin, J. E., et al. (1990) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1990.68124221x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Kienzle, E., & Rainbird, A. L. (1991) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/121.suppl_11.s39 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cystinuria: A Review of the Pathophysiology and Management
Singer, A. J., & Das, S. P. (1989) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38849-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Digestive tract morphology and digestion in the wombats (Marsupialia: Vombatidae)
Barboza, P. S., & Hume, I. D. (1992) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/bf00264817 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationCystinuria in the Maned Wolf of South America
Bovée, K. C., Bush, Μ., Dietz, J., et al. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7233184 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Management and breeding of Maned wolves
BRADY, C. A., & DITTON, M. K. (1979) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1979.tb00557.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Influence of Dietary Protein on Renal Function in Dogs
Bovée, K. C. (1991) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/121.suppl_11.s128 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bush, Μ., & Bovée, K. C. (1978) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.1978.173.09.1159 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effect of Modified Protein Diets in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Renal Failure: Current Status
Polzin, D. J., Osborne, C. A., & Adams, L. G. (1991) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/121.suppl_11.s140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Influence of the Dietary Protein Content on Growth in Giant Breed Dogs
Hazewinkel, H. A. W., Voorhout, G., Biewenga, W. J., et al. (1993) · Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1633048 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Calculations of energy requirements of dogs, cats and small psittacine birds
Earle, K. E. (1993) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1993.tb02643.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
DAVOLL, J. (1988) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf01359136 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Silva, J. A., & Talamoni, S. A. (2003) · Revista Brasileira de Zoologia · doi:10.1590/s0101-81752003000200026 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Larivière, S., Crête, M., Huot, J., Patenaude, R., Price, C., & Thomas, D. W. (2001) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z00-226 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Digestive anatomy and diet of free-ranging maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
Silva, B. C., de Oliveira, L. A., Clauss, M., Costa, C. G., de Oliveira Marques Alexandre, L., & Duque-Correa, M. J. (2025) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-025-00493-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“To our knowledge, no nutrient data on free-ranging maned wolves have been published so far, and the only other nutrient composition analysis was done on zoo-kept individuals (Barboza et al. 1994).”
- Authors
- Barboza, P. S., Allen, M. E., Rodden, M., & Pojeta, K.
- Affiliations
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barboza, Perry S.
- Venue
- Zoo Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 375-381
- ISSN
- 0733-3188 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2361
- OpenAlex
- W2026852664
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Zoo Biology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- maned wolf, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, metabolizable energy, protein requirements, high-protein diet, cystinuria, gingivitis, stool consistency, maintenance energy, dietary management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
