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Regulation of the HPA axis by cytokines.
Abstract
Cytokines are a group of polypeptide mediators, classically associated with the regulation of immunity and inflammation. However, these peptides regulate not only local immune/inflammatory responses, but also elicit many CNS-mediated responses which accompany such immune/inflammatory reactions. This article reviews the evidence that interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) produce hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in response to various threats to homeostasis. To aid such an examination, and to gain insights into the potential mechanisms by which these cytokines influence the HPA axis, experimental findings are discussed within a framework of criteria. If a particular cytokine plays a significant role in the regulation of the HPA axis in response to a particular pathophysiology, then necessarily: (1) receptors for that cytokine should be present within tissues associated with the HPA axis; (2) administration of that cytokine should elicit HPA activation; (3) the HPA axis should be exposed to that cytokine; and (4) inhibition of the action of that cytokine should prevent HPA activation. The evidence discussed indicates that some, if not all, of these criteria are met for each of IL-1, IL-6, and TNFalpha. However, the extensive interactions between different cytokines, the broad spectrum of pathophysiologies associated with increased cytokine production (including inflammatory and non-inflammatory stresses), and the number of tissues/cells capable of either synthesizing or responding to cytokines, suggest that multiple mechanisms mediate the influence of cytokines on the HPA axis.
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“Behavioral changes induced by immune activation include symptoms such as psychomotor slowing, social withdrawal, anhedonia, depressed mood, and disturbed sleep architecture, collectively termed “sickness behavior” [4], [5], [6].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“HPA system activation with increased levels of cortisol and corticotropin releasing hormone have also been suggested to play a role in depressive symptoms and in mediating inflammatory effects on mood and anxiety [6], [28], [37], [63].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Turnbull, A. V., & Rivier, C.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 253-275
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1963723844
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-51774, R01MH051774)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK 26741, P01DK026741)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, TNF-α, neuroendocrine regulation, cytokine receptors, inflammation, stress response, homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Interleukin-1, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Neuroimmunomodulation, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Receptors, Cytokine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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