On structuring probabilistic dependences in stochastic language modelling
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ChatGPT achieved rapid adoption by over 100 million users shortly after launch.
“ChatGPT has shown impressive conversational skills and contextual understanding with a broad spectrum of functional uses in many areas, as evidenced by its technical and commercial success, including rapid adoption by over 100 million users shortly after launch”
From From Google Gemini to OpenAI Q* (Q-Star): A Survey on Reshaping the Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research Landscape (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Domain-specific language model pretraining for biomedical natural language processing
Gu, Y., Tinn, R., Cheng, H., Lucas, M., Usuyama, N., Liu, X., Naumann, T., Gao, J., & Poon, H. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3458754 · Cited by 2,170 · see citing works
McIntosh, T. R., Susnjak, T., Liu, T., Watters, P., Xu, D., Liu, D., & Halgamuge, M. N. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13020051 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“The inception of language modeling can be traced to the statistical approaches of the late 1980s, a period marked by a transition from rule-based to machine learning algorithms in Natural Language Processing (NLP) [41], [42], [43], [44], [45].”
BackgroundJustCorrect: Intelligent Post Hoc Text Correction Techniques on Smartphones
Cui, W., Zhu, S., Zhang, M. R., Schwartz, H. A., Wobbrock, J. O., & Bi, X. (2020) · Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology · doi:10.1145/3379337.3415857 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ney, H., Essen, U., & Kneser, R.
- Venue
- Computer Speech & Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-38
- ISSN
- 0885-2308 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2075201173
- Cited by
- 517
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 11.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computer Speech & Language (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech Recognition and Synthesis
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- conditional distributions, word prediction, bigram language model, trigram language model, linear interpolation, nonlinear interpolation, word clustering, cache memory, word association, self-association, German texts, English text
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
