Changes in brain GnRH associated with photorefractoriness in house sparrows (Passer domesticus)
Open accessAbstract
Temperate zone birds terminate reproduction when they become photorefractory. In many species, refractoriness is "absolute" in that gonadal regression occurs before day length declines, and individuals are reproductively unresponsive even to continuous light. Based on studies of a few species, this form of refractoriness appears to be associated with a reduction (compared with breeding and/or photosensitive birds) in numbers of hypothalamic cells and fibers that are immunoreactive for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Some species display "relative" refractoriness, in that day length must decline before gonadal regression occurs, and individuals never lose the capacity to respond to very long days. A few reports suggest that GnRH levels in the brain do not change in relatively refractory birds. House sparrows (Passer domesticus) regress their gonads sooner when day length declines during summer than they do if photoperiod is not permitted to decline after the summer solstice (i.e., they appear to be "relatively" refractory). However, if held on long days they eventually regress the gonads despite no decline in photoperiod (they appear to be "absolutely" refractory). In this experiment, we tested whether gonadal regression was associated with changes in hypothalamic GnRH in adult male house sparrows. We used immunocytochemistry (primary antibody sensitive to both forms of avian GnRH) to compare the distribution and number of GnRH-immunoreactive cells and fibers among reproductively active individuals on long days, "absolutely" refractory individuals on long days, and presumably "relatively" refractory individuals induced to regress by shortened days. Similar reductions in ir-GnRH cell number and cell size occurred in both groups of refractory birds compared with birds still in breeding condition. Gonadal regression also was correlated with reduced staining intensity of cell bodies and reduced fiber staining, but these reductions were somewhat more pronounced in the "absolutely" than the "relatively" refractory birds. We discuss these results in light of other studies of avian GnRH changes with reproductive stage. Our results are consistent with the idea that house sparrows become absolutely refractory, regardless of whether exposed to a decline in photoperiod. However, the results also suggest that relative refractoriness may induce gonadal regression through a cessation of GnRH secretion, whereas absolute refractoriness involves down-regulation of peptide production as well.
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During seasonal changes, nonphotosensitive (photorefractory or reproductively inactive) birds show a reduction in both the number and the size of GnRH immunoreactive cells, a condition reversed in breeding photosensitive animals.
“During seasonal changes, nonphotosensitive (photorefractory or reproductively inactive) birds show a reduction in both the number and the size of GnRH immunoreactive cells (24), a condition reversed in breeding photosensitive animals (25).”
From Corazonin signaling integrates energy homeostasis and lunar phase to regulate aspects of growth and sexual maturation in <i>Platynereis</i> (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
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“Marked seasonal changes in hypothalamic GnRH1 content have been found in other Passeriforme species e.g. house sparrows (Passer domesticus) Hahn and Ball, 1995; Stevenson and MacDougall-Shackleton, 2005, American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) Reinert and Wilson, 1996, house finches (Carpodacus…”
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“During seasonal changes, nonphotosensitive (photorefractory or reproductively inactive) birds show a reduction in both the number and the size of GnRH immunoreactive cells (24), a condition reversed in breeding photosensitive animals (25).”
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“House sparrows exhibit large individual variation in the timing of photorefractoriness and a failure to respond to photoperiod manipulations by some individuals has been reported previously ( Hahn and Ball, 1995 ).”
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“Sexually active birds have been reported to express more immunoreactive GnRH neurons and fibers than in sexually inactive or photo-refractory birds (Sharp et al., 1990; Hahn and Ball, 1995; Parry et al., 1997; Cho et al., 1998).”
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“With this, steroid hormone levels and gamete production drops, and the release of GnRH and LH decrease (Hahn and Ball 1995; Cho et al. 1998; Meddle et al. 2006a, b; Dawson 2005; Leska and Dusza 2007).”
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“We verified that all birds were in breeding condition (e.g. no molt, enlarged gonads; Hahn and Ball, 1995).”
Stevenson, T. J., Peng, K. Y., Rouse, M. L., et al. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113959 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKataki, B., & Dixit, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70023 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Çiftçi, H. B. (2022) · Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi · doi:10.34233/jpr.1205223 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that sexually active birds express a greater number of immune-reactive GnRH neurons than their sexually inactive counterparts (Sharp et al., 1990; Hahn and Ball, 1995; Parry et al., 1997; Cho et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDunkley, C. S. (2009) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reproductive Physiology: Songbird Study Removes Long-Standing Neuroendocrinology Research Roadblock
Deviche, P. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2008-1818
Neuropeptides and reproductive flexibility in songbirds: A mini review
Tripathi, V., Bhardwaj, S. K., & Kumar, V. (2025) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70030
Singh, D., Fudickar, A. M., & Ketterson, E. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1627516
“…in the abundance of hypothalamic GnRH1 transcript/peptide have been found in several songbird species, such as house sparrow ( Passer domesticus; Hahn and Ball, 1995; Stevenson and MacDougall-Shackleton, 2005), American tree sparrow ( Spizella arborea ; Reinert and Wilson, 1996), house finches…”
- Authors
- Hahn, T. P., & Ball, G. F.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-09
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 349-363
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063580453
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1f32mh010499-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH10499)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
- Keywords
- photorefractoriness, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, hypothalamus, Passer domesticus, gonadal regression, photoperiod, avian reproduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Hypothalamus, Immunohistochemistry, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Reproduction, Sexual Maturation, Staining and Labeling, Testis, Photoperiod
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