The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prebiotic Synthesis of Adenine and Amino Acids Under Europa-like Conditions
Abstract
In order to simulate prebiotic synthetic processes on Europa and other ice-covered planets and satellites, we have investigated the prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds from dilute solutions of NH4CN frozen for 25 years at -20 and -78 degrees C. In addition, the aqueous products of spark discharge reactions from a reducing atmosphere were frozen for 5 years at -20 degrees C. We find that both adenine and guanine, as well as a simple set of amino acids dominated by glycine, are produced in substantial yields under these conditions. These results indicate that some of the key components necessary for the origin of life may have been available on Europa throughout its history and suggest that the circumstellar zone where life might arise may be wider than previously thought.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Experiments by Miller and colleagues (Bada et al. 1994;Levy et al. 2000) showed that prebiotic synthesis of key amino acids occur most readily under cold conditions.”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Levy et al. 2000
Citations
Cites
Chyba, C., & Sagan, C. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/355125a0 · Cited by 1,321
A Direct Measurement of the Terrestrial Mass Accretion Rate of Cosmic Dust
Love, S. G., & Brownlee, D. E. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.262.5133.550 · Cited by 882
Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto
Khurana, K. K., Kivelson, M. G., Stevenson, D. J., Schubert, G., Russell, C. T., Walker, R. J., & Polanskey, C. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27394 · Cited by 672
Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa
Carr, M. H., Belton, M. J. S., Chapman, C. R., Davies, M. E., Geissler, P. E., Greenberg, R. J., McEwen, A. S., Tufts, B. R., Greeley, R., Sullivan, R., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34857 · Cited by 594
Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 1
Hanel, R., Conrath, B. J., Flasar, F. M., Kunde, V. G., Maguire, W., Pearl, J. C., Pirraglia, J. A., Samuelson, R. E., Herath, L. W., Allison, M., et al. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.212.4491.192 · Cited by 576
Pre-biotic organic matter from comets and asteroids
Anders, E. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/342255a0 · Cited by 421
Salts on Europa's Surface Detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Smythe, W. D., Crowley, J. K., Martin, P. D., Ocampo, A., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5367.1242 · Cited by 411
Europa's Differentiated Internal Structure: Inferences from Two Galileo Encounters
Anderson, J. D., Lau, E. L., SJOGREN, W. L., Schubert, G., & Moore, W. B. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1236 · Cited by 388
Organic Matter in Meteorites: Molecular and Isotopic Analyses of the Murchison Meteorite
Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1936-8_9 · Cited by 386
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Clark, R. N., Martin, P. D., Hibbitts, C. A., Fanale, F. P., Granahan, J. C., Segura, M. E., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., et al. (1998) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/98je00788 · Cited by 314
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Origins of building blocks of life: A review
Kitadai, N., & Maruyama, S. (2018) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007 · Cited by 464
Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds in Meteorites
Botta, O., & Bada, J. (2002) · Surveys in Geophysics · doi:10.1023/a:1020139302770 · Cited by 364
Ehrenfreund, P., GLAVIN, D. P., Botta, O., Cooper, G., & Bada, J. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.051502898 · Cited by 327
The Search for Chiral Asymmetry as a Potential Biosignature in our Solar System
Glavin, D. P., Burton, A. S., Elsila, J. E., Aponte, J. C., & Dworkin, J. P. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00474 · Cited by 293
Formamide and the origin of life
Saladino, R., Crestini, C., Pino, S., Costanzo, G., & Di Mauro, E. (2012) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2011.12.002 · Cited by 296
Metadata
- Authors
- Levy, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, M
- ORCID
- Levy, M
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-06
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 609-613
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2009174209
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- prebiotic synthesis, adenine, amino acids, Europa, origin of life, spark discharge, glycine, guanine, icy satellites, habitable zone, frozen aqueous solutions
- MeSH terms
- Adenine, Amino Acids, Cyanides, Freezing, Guanine, Hydrogen Cyanide, Ice, Jupiter, Exobiology, Evolution, Chemical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
