Cited by 149Origins and Evolution of LifeAstro and Planetary ScienceSpace Science and Extraterrestrial Life

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Prebiotic Synthesis of Adenine and Amino Acids Under Europa-like Conditions

Levy, M·2000·Icarus

DOI 10.1006/icar.2000.6365

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In order to simulate prebiotic synthetic processes on Europa and other ice-covered planets and satellites, we have investigated the prebiotic synthesis of organic compounds from dilute solutions of NH4CN frozen for 25 years at -20 and -78 degrees C. In addition, the aqueous products of spark discharge reactions from a reducing atmosphere were frozen for 5 years at -20 degrees C. We find that both adenine and guanine, as well as a simple set of amino acids dominated by glycine, are produced in substantial yields under these conditions. These results indicate that some of the key components necessary for the origin of life may have been available on Europa throughout its history and suggest that the circumstellar zone where life might arise may be wider than previously thought.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1006/icar.2000.6365

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Endogenous production, exogenous delivery and impact-shock synthesis of organic molecules: an inventory for the origins of life
Chyba, C., & Sagan, C. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/355125a0 · Cited by 1,321
A Direct Measurement of the Terrestrial Mass Accretion Rate of Cosmic Dust
Love, S. G., & Brownlee, D. E. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.262.5133.550 · Cited by 882
Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto
Khurana, K. K., Kivelson, M. G., Stevenson, D. J., Schubert, G., Russell, C. T., Walker, R. J., & Polanskey, C. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27394 · Cited by 672
Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa
Carr, M. H., Belton, M. J. S., Chapman, C. R., Davies, M. E., Geissler, P. E., Greenberg, R. J., McEwen, A. S., Tufts, B. R., Greeley, R., Sullivan, R., et al. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34857 · Cited by 594
Infrared Observations of the Saturnian System from Voyager 1
Hanel, R., Conrath, B. J., Flasar, F. M., Kunde, V. G., Maguire, W., Pearl, J. C., Pirraglia, J. A., Samuelson, R. E., Herath, L. W., Allison, M., et al. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.212.4491.192 · Cited by 576
Pre-biotic organic matter from comets and asteroids
Anders, E. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/342255a0 · Cited by 421
Salts on Europa's Surface Detected by Galileo's Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Fanale, F. P., Carlson, R. W., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., Smythe, W. D., Crowley, J. K., Martin, P. D., Ocampo, A., et al. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5367.1242 · Cited by 411
Europa's Differentiated Internal Structure: Inferences from Two Galileo Encounters
Anderson, J. D., Lau, E. L., SJOGREN, W. L., Schubert, G., & Moore, W. B. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1236 · Cited by 388
Organic Matter in Meteorites: Molecular and Isotopic Analyses of the Murchison Meteorite
Cronin, J. R., & Chang, S. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1936-8_9 · Cited by 386
Non‐water‐ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilean satellites from the Galileo near‐infrared mapping spectrometer investigation
McCord, T. B., Hansen, G. B., Clark, R. N., Martin, P. D., Hibbitts, C. A., Fanale, F. P., Granahan, J. C., Segura, M. E., Matson, D. L., Johnson, T. V., et al. (1998) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/98je00788 · Cited by 314

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 39 references

1 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Origins of building blocks of life: A review
Kitadai, N., & Maruyama, S. (2018) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007 · Cited by 464
Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds in Meteorites
Botta, O., & Bada, J. (2002) · Surveys in Geophysics · doi:10.1023/a:1020139302770 · Cited by 364
Extraterrestrial amino acids in Orgueil and Ivuna: Tracing the parent body of CI type carbonaceous chondrites
Ehrenfreund, P., GLAVIN, D. P., Botta, O., Cooper, G., & Bada, J. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.051502898 · Cited by 327
The Search for Chiral Asymmetry as a Potential Biosignature in our Solar System
Glavin, D. P., Burton, A. S., Elsila, J. E., Aponte, J. C., & Dworkin, J. P. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00474 · Cited by 293
Formamide and the origin of life
Saladino, R., Crestini, C., Pino, S., Costanzo, G., & Di Mauro, E. (2012) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2011.12.002 · Cited by 296
Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule
Nelson, K. E., Levy, M., & Miller, S. L. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.3868 · Cited by 269
Self-citation
Extremophiles and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Cavicchioli, R. (2002) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/153110702762027862 · Cited by 232
Chemistry of Abiotic Nucleotide Synthesis
Yadav, M., Kumar, R., & Krishnamurthy, R. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00546 · Cited by 225
Genetics first or metabolism first? The formamide clue
Saladino, R., Botta, G., Pino, S., Costanzo, G., & Di Mauro, E. (2012) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c2cs35066a · Cited by 215
New insights into prebiotic chemistry from Stanley Miller's spark discharge experiments
Bada, J. L. (2013) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c3cs35433d · Cited by 209
The Importance of Water for Life
Westall, F., & Brack, A. (2018) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0476-7 · Cited by 208
How life began on Earth: a status report
Bada, J. L. (2004) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.036 · Cited by 197
Abundant ammonia and nitrogen-rich soluble organic matter in samples from asteroid (101955) Bennu
GLAVIN, D. P., Dworkin, J. P., Alexander, C. M. O., Aponte, J. C., Baczynski, A. A., Barnes, J., Bechtel, H. A., Berger, E. L., Burton, A. S., Caselli, P., et al. (2025) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02472-9 · Cited by 201
The Cold Origin of Life: A. Implications Based On The Hydrolytic Stabilities Of Hydrogen Cyanide And Formamide
Miyakawa, S., Cleaves, H. J., & Miller, S. L. (2002) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/a:1016514305984 · Cited by 191
The prebiotic geochemistry of formaldehyde
Cleaves II, H. J. (2008) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.04.002 · Cited by 179
The cold origin of life: B. Implications based on pyrimidines and purines produced from frozen ammonium cyanide solutions
Miyakawa, S., Cleaves, H. J., & Miller, S. L. (2002) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1023/a:1019514022822 · Cited by 174
Prebiotic synthesis from CO atmospheres: Implications for the origins of life
Miyakawa, S., Yamanashi, H., Kobayashi, K., Cleaves, H. J., & Miller, S. L. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.192568299 · Cited by 177
Infrared study of ion-irradiated N2-dominated ices relevant to Triton and Pluto: formation of HCN and HNC
Moore, M. H., & Hudson, R. L. (2003) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(02)00037-4 · Cited by 168
Differential adsorption of nucleic acid bases: Relevance to the origin of life
Sowerby, S. J., Cohn, C. A., Heckl, W. M., & Holm, N. G. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.3.820 · Cited by 166
Reactions of nitriles in ices relevant to Titan, comets, and the interstellar medium: formation of cyanate ion, ketenimines, and isonitriles
Hudson, R. L., & Moore, M. H. (2004) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.011 · Cited by 169
The Origin and Evolution of Organic Matter in Carbonaceous Chondrites and Links to Their Parent Bodies
GLAVIN, D. P., Alexander, C. M. O., Aponte, J. C., Dworkin, J. P., Elsila, J. E., & Yabuta, H. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813325-5.00003-3 · Cited by 175
The Role of Biomacromolecular Crowding, Ionic Strength, and Physicochemical Gradients in the Complexities of Life's Emergence
Spitzer, J. J., & Poolman, B. (2009) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00010-09 · Cited by 162
Miller-Urey and Beyond: What Have We Learned About Prebiotic Organic Synthesis Reactions in the Past 60 Years?
McCollom, T. M. (2013) · Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133457 · Cited by 144
Formamide Chemistry and the Origin of Informational Polymers
Saladino, R., Crestini, C., Ciciriello, F., Costanzo, G., & Mauro, E. D. (2007) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790059 · Cited by 134
Relative Amino Acid Concentrations as a Signature for Parent Body Processes of Carbonaceous Chondrites
Botta, O., GLAVIN, D. P., Kminek, G., & Bada, J. L. (2002) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/a:1016019425995 · Cited by 131
Did life originate from a global chemical reactor?
Stüeken, E. E., Anderson, R. E., Bowman, J. S., Brazelton, W. J., Colangelo-Lillis, J. R., Goldman, A. D., Som, S. M., & Baross, J. A. (2013) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12025 · Cited by 139
Hydrothermal Simulation Experiments as a Tool for Studies of the Origin of Life on Earth and Other Terrestrial Planets: A Review
Holm, N. G., & Andersson, E. (2005) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2005.5.444 · Cited by 132
Chemical evolution: The mechanism of the formation of adenine under prebiotic conditions
Roy, D., Najafian, K., & Schleyer, P. V. R. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0708434104 · Cited by 122
Prebiotic chemistry in eutectic solutions at the water–ice matrix
Menor-Salván, C. A., & Marín‐Yaseli, M. R. (2012) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c2cs35060b · Cited by 105
Alkaline fluid circulation in ultramafic rocks and formation of nucleotide constituents: a hypothesis
Holm, N. G., Dumont, M., Ivarsson, M., & Konn, C. (2006) · Geochemical Transactions · doi:10.1186/1467-4866-7-7 · Cited by 89
“Purines and amino acids may be formed in the same prebiotic environments Unlike ribose, the purine coding elements of RNA can be synthesized in the same abiotic reactions that yield amino acids [22,23,26,37].”
Background
Meteorites as Catalysts for Prebiotic Chemistry
Saladino, R., Botta, G., Delfino, M., & Mauro, E. D. (2013) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201303690 · Cited by 88
Adenine Synthesis in Interstellar Space: Mechanisms of Prebiotic Pyrimidine-Ring Formation of Monocyclic HCN-Pentamers
Glaser, R., Hodgen, B., Farrelly, D., & McKee, E. (2007) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2006.0112 · Cited by 83
An Investigation of Prebiotic Purine Synthesis from the Hydrolysis of HCN Polymers
Borquez, E., Cleaves, H. J., Lazcano, A., & Miller, S. L. (2005) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-005-5945-9 · Cited by 80
Abundant extraterrestrial amino acids in the primitive CM carbonaceous chondrite Asuka 12236
GLAVIN, D. P., McLain, H. L., Dworkin, J. P., Parker, E. T., Elsila, J. E., Aponte, J. C., Simkus, D. N., Pozarycki, C. I., Graham, H. V., Nittler, L. R., et al. (2020) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13560 · Cited by 82
Production of Guanine from NH4CN Polymerizations
Levy, M., Miller, S. L., & Oro, J. F. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/pl00006539 · Cited by 83
Self-citation
Extraterrestrial amino acids and L‐enantiomeric excesses in the CM 2 carbonaceous chondrites Aguas Zarcas and Murchison
GLAVIN, D. P., Elsila, J. E., McLain, H. L., Aponte, J. C., Parker, E. T., Dworkin, J. P., Hill, D. H., Connolly, H. C., Jr., & LAURETTA, D. S. (2020) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13451 · Cited by 83
Prebiotic Chemistry: What We Know, What We Don’t
Cleaves, H. J. (2012) · Evolution: Education and Outreach · doi:10.1007/s12052-012-0443-9 · Cited by 75
State-of-the-art instruments for detecting extraterrestrial life
Bada, J. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.3.797 · Cited by 72
Simple Organics and Biomonomers Identified in HCN Polymers: An Overview
Ruiz-Bermejo, M., Zorzano, M.-P., & Osuna-Esteban, S. (2013) · Life · doi:10.3390/life3030421 · Cited by 70
Titan Aerosol Analogues: Analysis of the Nonvolatile Tholins
Sarker, N., Somogyi, Á., Lunine, J. I., & Smith, M. A. (2003) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/153110703322736042 · Cited by 67
Hydrogeochemistry of groundwaters in and below the base of thick permafrost at Lupin, Nunavut, Canada
Stotler, R. L., Frape, S. K., Ruskeeniemi, T., Ahonen, L., Onstott, T. C., & Hobbs, M. Y. (2009) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.04.013 · Cited by 66
Prebiotic materials from on and off the early Earth
Bernstein, M. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1913 · Cited by 65
Why Nature Chose Potassium
Danchin, A., & Nikel, P. I. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-019-09915-2 · Cited by 63
VUV photophysics and dissociative photoionization of pyrimidine, purine, imidazole and benzimidazole in the 7–18eV photon energy range
Schwell, M., Jochims, H. ‐., Baumgärtel, H. G., & Leach, S. (2008) · Chemical Physics · doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.08.009 · Cited by 60
Determining the “Biosignature Threshold” for Life Detection on Biotic, Abiotic, or Prebiotic Worlds
Barge, L. M., Rodriguez, L. E., Weber, J. M., & Theiling, B. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2021.0079 · Cited by 60
The evolution of organic matter in space
Ehrenfreund, P., Spaans, M., & Holm, N. G. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0231 · Cited by 59
Adsorption of amino acids and nucleic acid bases onto minerals: a few suggestions for prebiotic chemistry experiments
Zaia, D. A. M. (2012) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550412000195 · Cited by 56
Prebiological evolution and the physics of the origin of life
Delaye, L., & Lazcano, A. (2005) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2004.12.002 · Cited by 56
Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor
Cantine, M. D., & Fournier, G. P. (2018) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-017-9542-5 · Cited by 54
Formation of RNA Phosphodiester Bond by Histidine‐Containing Dipeptides
Wieczorek, R. M., Dörr, M., Chotera‐Ouda, A., Luisi, P. L., & Monnard, P. (2012) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201200643 · Cited by 53
A Comprehensive Review of HCN-Derived Polymers
Ruiz-Bermejo, M., de la Fuente, J. L., Pérez-Fernández, C., & Mateo-Martí, E. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9040597 · Cited by 52
Primordial Coding of Amino Acids by Adsorbed Purine Bases
Sowerby, S., Petersen, G. B., & Holm, N. (2002) · Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere · doi:10.1023/a:1013957812213 · Cited by 52
The prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidines in frozen solution
Cleaves, H. J., Nelson, K. E., & Miller, S. L. (2006) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0073-y · Cited by 52
Life's Origin
Schopf, J. W. (2002) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/california/9780520233904.001.0001 · Cited by 51
Biota and Biomolecules in Extreme Environments on Earth: Implications for Life Detection on Mars
Aerts, J. W., Röling, W. F. M., Elsaesser, A., & Ehrenfreund, P. (2014) · Life · doi:10.3390/life4040535 · Cited by 56
Prebiotic Microreactors: A Synthesis of Purines and Dihydroxy Compounds in Aqueous Aerosol
Ruiz‐Bermejo, M., Menor-Salván, C. A., Osuna‐Esteban, S., & Veintemillas-Verdaguer, S. (2006) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-006-9026-5 · Cited by 50
Detection of HCN and diverse redox chemistry in the plume of Enceladus
Peter, J. S., Nordheim, T. A., & Hand, K. P. (2023) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-023-02160-0 · Cited by 52
Infrared spectral investigations of UV irradiated nucleobases adsorbed on mineral surfaces
Fornaro, T., Brucato, J. R., Pace, E., Guidi, M. C., Branciamore, S., & Pucci, A. (2013) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.024 · Cited by 52
Inversion Concept of the Origin of Life
Kompanichenko, V. N. (2012) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-012-9279-0 · Cited by 43
Abiotic synthesis of amino acids and self-crystallization under prebiotic conditions
Jiang, L., Dziedzic, P., Spacil, Z., Zhao, G.-L., Nilsson, L., Ilag, L. L., & Córdova, A. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep06769 · Cited by 41
Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Microstructured Optical Fibers to Detect Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds—A Review
López‐Torres, D., Elosúa, C., & Arregui, F. J. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20092555 · Cited by 41
Mechanisms of Prebiotic Adenine Synthesis from HCN by Oligomerization in the Gas Phase
Jung, S. H., & Choe, J. C. (2013) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2013.0973 · Cited by 44
Ultraviolet photolysis of amino acids in a 100 K water ice matrix: Application to the outer Solar System bodies
Orzechowska, G. E., Goguen, J. D., Johnson, P. V., Tsapin, A. I., & Kanik, I. (2006) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.018 · Cited by 40
Subsurface exolife
Lingam, M., & Loeb, A. (2018) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550418000083 · Cited by 42
Quantum chemical study of a new reaction pathway for the adenine formation in the interstellar space
Gupta, V. P., Tandon, P., Rawat, P., Singh, R. N., & Singh, A. P. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015557 · Cited by 37
The Ice Cap Zone: A Unique Habitable Zone for Ocean Worlds
Ramirez, R. M., & Levi, A. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty761 · Cited by 36
Origins of life: a route to nanotechnology
Sowerby, S. J., Holm, N. G., & Petersen, G. B. (2001) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/s0303-2647(01)00130-7 · Cited by 34
Functional Properties of Amino Acid Side Chains as Biomarkers of Extraterrestrial Life
Georgiou, C. D. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1868 · Cited by 36
Electron transport chains as a window into the earliest stages of evolution
Goldman, A. D., Weber, J. M., LaRowe, D. E., & Barge, L. M. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2210924120 · Cited by 32
The Beginning of HCN Polymerization: Iminoacetonitrile Formation and Its Implications in Astrochemical Environments
Sandström, H., & Rahm, M. (2021) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00195 · Cited by 30
Density functional theory study of (HCN) clusters up to n= 10
Adrian-Scotto, M., & Vasilescu, D. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Structure THEOCHEM · doi:10.1016/j.theochem.2006.09.020 · Cited by 29
Adsorption of nucleic acid bases on magnesium oxide (MgO)
Fornaro, T., Brucato, J. R., Branciamore, S., & Pucci, A. (2012) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550412000444 · Cited by 28
Origin of Informational Polymers
Saladino, R., Crestini, C., Busiello, V., Ciciriello, F., Costanzo, G., & Mauro, E. D. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m504537200 · Cited by 25
Origin of life: Drawing the big picture
Prosdocimi, F., & de Farías, S. T. (2023) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.005 · Cited by 28
VUV and mid-UV photoabsorption cross sections of thin films of adenine: Application on its photochemistry in the solar system
Saïagh, K., Cloix, M., Fray, N., & Cottin, H. (2013) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.11.002 · Cited by 22
Formamide-Based Synthesis of Nucleobases by Metal(II) Octacyanomolybdate(IV): Implication in Prebiotic Chemistry
Kumar, A., Sharma, R. D., & Kamaluddin, K. (2014) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1187 · Cited by 21
Experimental conditions affecting the kinetics of aqueous HCN polymerization as revealed by UV–vis spectroscopy
Marín‐Yaseli, M. R., Moreno, M., de la Fuente, J., Briones, C., & Ruiz‐Bermejo, M. (2017) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.003 · Cited by 21
Classification of the Biogenicity of Complex Organic Mixtures for the Detection of Extraterrestrial Life
Guttenberg, N., Chen, H., Mochizuki, T., & Cleaves, H. J. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11030234 · Cited by 20
Synergism and Mutualism in Non-Enzymatic RNA Polymerization
Kaddour, H., & Sahai, N. (2014) · Life · doi:10.3390/life4040598 · Cited by 20
Prebiotic Chemistry and Chemical Evolution of Nucleic Acids
Menor-Salván, C. A. (2018) · Nucleic acids and molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93584-3 · Cited by 19
Prebiotic chemical refugia: multifaceted scenario for the formation of biomolecules in primitive Earth
Prosdocimi, F., de Farías, S. T., & José, M. V. (2022) · Theory in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12064-022-00377-7 · Cited by 17
Unveiling the role of inorganic nanoparticles in Earth’s biochemical evolution through electron transfer dynamics
Huang, X. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109555 · Cited by 16
Exobiology and Planetary Protection of icy moons
Raulin, F., Hand, K. P., McKay, C. P., & Viso, M. (2010) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-009-9610-x · Cited by 16
Near infrared emission spectrum of H13CN
Hofmann, J. P., Eifert, B., & Mellau, G. C. (2010) · Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.jms.2010.05.005 · Cited by 16
Life Before RNA
Sowerby, S. J., & Petersen, G. B. (2002) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/153110702762027826 · Cited by 14
Abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides on the surface of small space bodies with high energy particles
Simakov, M. B., Kuzicheva, E. A., Antropov, A. E., & Dodonova, N. Y. (2002) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00510-0 · Cited by 13
Prospects of formamide as nitrogen source in biotechnological production processes
Schwardmann, L. S., Benninghaus, L., Lindner, S. N., & Wendisch, V. F. (2024) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-023-12962-x · Cited by 12
Prebiotic Synthesis of ATP: A Terrestrial Volcanism-Dependent Pathway
Chu, X., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13030731 · Cited by 11
Entering the labyrinth: A hypothesis about the emergence of metabolism from protobiotic routes
Prosdocimi, F., & de Farías, S. T. (2022) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104751 · Cited by 11
The path to life’s origins. Remaining hurdles
Mauro, E. D., Saladino, R., & Trifonov, E. N. (2013) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2013.783509 · Cited by 11
The Potential for Organic Synthesis in the Ocean of Enceladus
Liu, C., Xu, W., Zhang, Z., Robinson, K., Lau, M. C. Y., Huang, F., Huang, F., Glein, C. R., & Hao, J. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad534f · Cited by 10
Experimental Test of L- and D-Amino Acid Binding to L- and D-Codons Suggests that Homochirality and Codon Directionality Emerged with the Genetic Code
Root-Bernstein, R. S. (2010) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym2021180 · Cited by 11
Infrared Spectral Signatures of Nucleobases in Interstellar Ices I: Purines
Rosa, C. A., Bergantini, A., Herczku, P., Mifsud, D. V., Lakatos, G., Kovács, S., Sulik, B., Juhász, Z., Ioppolo, S., Quitián-Lara, H. M., et al. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13112208 · Cited by 9
Reactivity of Cyanide at Water-Ice Interfaces: Implications for the Search for Organics on Icy Worlds
Marín‐Yaseli, M. R., González‐Toril, E., & Ruiz‐Bermejo, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2020.519017 · Cited by 9
Stability of non-proteinogenic amino acids to UV and gamma irradiation
Rowe, L., Peller, J. R., Mammoser, C. C., Davidson, K., Gunter, A., Brown, B., & Dhar, S. (2018) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550418000381 · Cited by 8
Impact of M Dwarfs Ultraviolet Radiation on Prebiotic Chemistry: The Case of Adenine
Armas-Vázquez, M. Z., González‐Espinoza, C. E., Segura, A., Heredia, A., & Miranda-Rosete, A. (2023) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2022.0050 · Cited by 8
On the potential of mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling approaches to the study of biochemical adaptation in psychrophilic yeast
Dalluge, J. J., & Connell, L. B. (2013) · Extremophiles · doi:10.1007/s00792-013-0577-x · Cited by 8
Compatibility of Amino Acids in Ice Ih: Implications for the Origin of Life
Hao, J., Giovenco, E., Pedreira-Segade, U., Montagnac, G., & Daniel, I. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1735 · Cited by 8
Magnetic-Field Manipulation of Naturally Occurring Microbial Chiral Peptides to Regulate Gas-Hydrate Formation
Ghaani, M. R., English, N. J., & Allen, C. C. R. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02347 · Cited by 8
Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Bases by Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles from a Single Carbon Atom Precursor Molecule: Formamide
Iqubal, M. A., Sharma, R. D., Kamaluddin, K., & Jheeta, S. (2019) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/s11084-019-09585-6 · Cited by 7

Authors: Levy, M.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Corresponding author: Levy, M
ORCID: Levy, M
Venue: Icarus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-06
Volume: 145
Issue: 2
Pages: 609-613
ISSN: 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1006/icar.2000.6365
OpenAlex: W2009174209
Cited by: 149
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Icarus (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
Keywords: prebiotic synthesis, adenine, amino acids, Europa, origin of life, spark discharge, glycine, guanine, icy satellites, habitable zone, frozen aqueous solutions
MeSH terms: Adenine, Amino Acids, Cyanides, Freezing, Guanine, Hydrogen Cyanide, Ice, Jupiter, Exobiology, Evolution, Chemical

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Prebiotic Synthesis of Adenine and Amino Acids Under Europa-like Conditions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks