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Protein Structure Comparison by Alignment of Distance Matrices
Abstract
With a rapidly growing pool of known tertiary structures, the importance of protein structure comparison parallels that of sequence alignment. We have developed a novel algorithm (DALI) for optimal pairwise alignment of protein structures. The three-dimensional co-ordinates of each protein are used to calculate residue-residue (C alpha-C alpha) distance matrices. The distance matrices are first decomposed into elementary contact patterns, e.g. hexapeptide-hexapeptide submatrices. Then, similar contact patterns in the two matrices are paired and combined into larger consistent sets of pairs. A Monte Carlo procedure is used to optimize a similarity score defined in terms of equivalent intramolecular distances. Several alignments are optimized in parallel, leading to simultaneous detection of the best, second-best and so on solutions. The method allows sequence gaps of any length, reversal of chain direction and free topological connectivity of aligned segments. Sequential connectivity can be imposed as an option. The method is fully automatic and identifies structural resemblances and common structural cores accurately and sensitively, even in the presence of geometrical distortions. An all-against-all alignment of over 200 representative protein structures results in an objective classification of known three-dimensional folds in agreement with visual classifications. Unexpected topological similarities of biological interest have been detected, e.g. between the bacterial toxin colicin A and globins, and between the eukaryotic POU-specific DNA-binding domain and the bacterial lambda repressor.
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“The templates were pairwise structurally aligned according to DALILite (41,42), using HIF-2 α as a reference. The sequence alignments were obtained by CLUSTALW (43), and the result was confirmed using the Align-2D command within the MODELLER program (37-39).”
From Structural and Functional Characterization of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Binding Domain by Homology Modeling and Mutational Analysis (2007) · cites this paper as [41]
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Structural similarities between topoisomerases that cleave one or both DNA strands
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Structural Basis of Substrate Recognition in Human Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase
Peng, Y., Sartini, D., Pozzi, V., Wilk, D. J., Emanuelli, M., & Yee, V. C. (2011) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi2007614 · Cited by 109
“A structural similarity search using DALI (24) identified a large number of known and putative MTase structures, of which two stood out as the closest matches: human indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (hINMT) and human phenylethanolamine Nmethyltransferase (hPNMT).”
Hidaka, M., Honda, Y., Kitaoka, M., Nirasawa, S., Hayashi, K., Wakagi, T., Shoun, H., & Fushinobu, S. (2004) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.03.027 · Cited by 109
The Crystal Structure of ORF-9b, a Lipid Binding Protein from the SARS Coronavirus
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“A search of the protein database with both the monomer and dimer using Dali (Holm and Sander, 1993) and SSM (Krissinel and Henrick, 2004) gave no significant structural hits.”
MethodNiwa, H., Tsuchiya, D., Makyio, H., et al. (2002) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00855-9 · Cited by 109
Structure of the monooxygenase component of a two-component flavoprotein monooxygenase
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The alternating ATPase domains of MutS control DNA mismatch repair
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Evaluation of protein fold comparison servers
Novotný, M., Madsen, D., & Kleywegt, G. J. (2003) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.10553 · Cited by 109
“DALI 9 calculates residue–residue distance matrices from three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of proteins.”
BackgroundCrystal structure of the intraflagellar transport complex 25/27
Bhogaraju, S., Taschner, M. J., Morawetz, M., Minard‐Basquin, C., & Lorentzen, E. (2011) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.110 · Cited by 106
“When compared with all structures in the protein data bank (pdb) using the DALI server (Holm and Sander, 1993), the IFT25 structures are most similar to the galactose-binding domain of bacterial sialidases, superposing with an r.”
MethodInfluentialStructure of Thermotoga maritima Stationary Phase Survival Protein SurE
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Structural basis for LEAFY floral switch function and similarity with helix‐turn‐helix proteins
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“Comparison of LFY-C against the Protein Data Bank using program DALI (Holm and Sander, 1993) detects simi- larity of relative short a-helical segments (B60 amino-acid residues) with different a-helical proteins including HTH proteins (maximal Dali Z-score 3.0, pairs with Zo2.”
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Structural and functional insight into the universal stress protein family
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“Known structures of USP monomers were superimposed by DALI and analyzed.”
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“The combined statistical potential z-score attempts to capture the fact that proteins with undetectable sequence similarity can also have similar structures (Holm and Sander 1993a,b, 1994b, 1995).”
BackgroundPROTEIN FOLDS IN THE ALL-β AND ALL-α CLASSES
Chothia, C., Hubbard, T., Brenner, S. E., Barns, H., & Murzin, A. G. (1997) · Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure · doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.597 · Cited by 108
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“Examples of this approach are CATH(28) (which clusters proteins at four major levels, class, architecture, topology and homologous superfamily), SCOP(29,30) (structural classification of proteins), and FSSP (fold classification based on structure– structure alignment of proteins).(24,31) – 33 The second approach is ba…”
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Predicting the accuracy of protein–ligand docking on homology models
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Structures and evolutionary origins of plant-specific transcription factor DNA-binding domains
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“A search of the Protein Data Bank using the program DALI [32] revealed only a single structure with significant similarity to the B3 domain, i.”
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Crystal structure of the quorum-sensing protein LuxS reveals a catalytic metal site
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Data Clustering in Life Sciences
Zhao, Y., & Karypis, G. (2005) · Molecular Biotechnology · doi:10.1385/mb:31:1:055 · Cited by 107
“The second approach tries to automatically identify the correspondence between the various features by various methods including structural comparisons based on matching Ca-atoms contact maps (63), or on the optimal alignment of SSEs (64).”
MethodProtein folding and the organization of the protein topology universe
Lindorff‐Larsen, K., Røgen, P., Paci, E., Vendruscolo, M., & Dobson, C. M. (2004) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2004.11.008 · Cited by 105
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Lehmann, C., Begley, T. P., & Ealick, S. E. (2005) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi051502y · Cited by 107
“As a result, the Sae1 partner, Sae2 (PDB code 1Y8Q, chain B) and the APPBP1 partner, UBA3, (PDB code 1NGV, chain B) are the next two structures in the DALI search, with RMSD's and sequence identity levels comparable to their partners.”
MethodInfluentialCrystal structure of an intracellular protease from Pyrococcus horikoshii at 2-Å resolution
Du, X., Choi, I., Kim, R., Wang, W., Jancarik, J., Yokota, H. A., & Kim, S. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.260503597 · Cited by 108
Kawazoe, T., Tsuge, H., Pilone, M. S., et al. (2006) · Protein Science · doi:10.1110/ps.062421606 · Cited by 107
“The Dali score (Holm and Sander 1993) between the human and porcine DAO subunits was 54.2 (RMSD of 0.6 Å for 340 Ca pairs; 85% sequence identity), while that between the human and yeast DAO subunits was 39.1 (RMSD of 1.9 Å for 319 Ca pairs; 28% sequence identity).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuo, F., Esser, L., Singh, S. K., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m208104200 · Cited by 107
Schmütte, C., & Jones, P. A. (1998) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bchm.1998.379.4-5.377 · Cited by 107
Fisher, A. J., Cruz, W. D., Zoog, S. J., et al. (1999) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/18.8.2031 · Cited by 107
“The P35 structure was used as a search model to probe a three-dimensional structural database to find similar folds (Holm and Sander, 1993).”
MethodGerstein, M., & Altman, R. B. (1995) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0423 · Cited by 104
“We, clearly, depend on a high-quality alignment as a starting point, and the availibility of automatic structural alignment procedures (Taylor & Orengo, 1989; Sali & Blundell, 1990; Holm & Sander, 1993; Subbiah et al., 1993; Yee & Dill, 1993) increases the applicability of our method.”
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Hamburger, A. E., West, A. P., & Björkman, P. J. (2004) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.09.006 · Cited by 106
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Structural Insight into the Mechanisms of Targeting and Signaling of Focal Adhesion Kinase
Liu, G., Guibao, C. D., & Zheng, J. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.22.8.2751-2760.2002 · Cited by 103
“Searching the Protein Data Bank with the DALI program (22), we found that the structure of the FAT domain resembles that of exchangeable apolipoproteins (50) and also that of the C-terminal tail domain of the focal adhesion protein vinculin (2).”
MethodA new family of plant transcription factors displays a novel ssDNA-binding surface
Desveaux, D., Allard, J., Brisson, N., & SYGUSCH, J. (2002) · Nature Structural Biology · doi:10.1038/nsb814 · Cited by 106
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Lira‐Navarrete, E., Valero‐González, J., Villanueva, R., Martínez‐Júlvez, M., Tejero, T., Merino, P., Panjikar, S., & Hurtado‐Guerrero, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025365 · Cited by 106
“A structure search on the DALI [38] server revealed not surprisingly structural homology with two other fucosyltransferases, nodulation fucosyltransferase [39] (NodZ) (RMSD [Root mean square deviation] on 231 equivalent Cas = 4.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Structures of Rieske and Rieske-Type Proteins
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iPBA: a tool for protein structure comparison using sequence alignment strategies
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Solution Structure of Der f 2, the Major Mite Allergen for Atopic Diseases
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Multiple sequence alignment: Algorithms and applications
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“A structural homology search using both the DALI serve”
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Du, X., Wang, W., Kim, R., Yakota, H., Nguyen, H., & Kim, S. (2001) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0115479 · Cited by 105
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“Many tools have been developed and the most commonly used include TM-align (5), Dali (6) and CE (7).”
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Chemotaxis receptor recognition by protein methyltransferase CheR
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“A search for overall structural similarities with the fulllength Ta Pelota using the DALI program (Holm and Sander, 1993) failed to reveal any significant matches.”
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“Using the DALI server (Holm and Sander 1993), no similar structures were found, indicating that overall this domain represents a previously unseen fold.”
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Structure and mechanism of the S component of a bacterial ECF transporter
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Structural basis of human γ-secretase assembly
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“Exhaustive search of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) by the distance alignment matrix method (DALI) (34) led only to identification of many entries that are homologous to select Fig.”
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Garcia, J. M., Gerber, S. H., Sugita, S., Südhof, T., & Rizo, J. (2004) · Nature Structural &Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb707 · Cited by 105
Carbohydrate Recognition by a Large Sialidase Toxin from Clostridium perfringens
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Crystal structure of the multifunctional Gβ5–RGS9 complex
Cheever, M. L., Snyder, J. T., Gershburg, S., Siderovski, D. P., Harden, T. K., & Sondek, J. (2008) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1377 · Cited by 102
“The PDB was searched for structures with similarity to the DHEX domain using DAL”
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van den Ent, F., Leaver, M., Bendezú, F. O., Errington, J., Boer, P. D., & Löwe, J. (2006) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05485.x · Cited by 101
“Three top scores of a structural similarity search with MreC among all known structures in the PDB (using DALI; Holm and Sander, 1993).”
BackgroundCrystal structure of human GM2-activator protein with a novel β-cup topology
Wright, C. S., Li, S., & Rastinejad, F. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4225 · Cited by 102
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Structure and mechanism of the RNA triphosphatase component of mammalian mRNA capping enzyme
Changela, A., Ho, C. K., Martins, A., Shuman, S., & Mondragón, A. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.10.2575 · Cited by 100
Crystal Structure of the Borna Disease Virus Nucleoprotein
Rudolph, M. G., Kraus, I., Dickmanns, A., et al. (2003) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.08.011 · Cited by 101
“A search in the DALI database (Holm & Sander, 1993) with both, the whole model and the individual domains, did not reveal any significant homology to other known structures.”
MethodRajan, S. S., Yang, X., Collart, F., et al. (2004) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.06.020 · Cited by 101
The SoxYZ Complex Carries Sulfur Cycle Intermediates on a Peptide Swinging Arm
Sauvé, V., Bruno, S., Berks, B. C., & Hemmings, A. M. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m701602200 · Cited by 107
Objective comparison of protein structures: error-scaled difference distance matrices
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“A search of the coordinates available from the Protein Data Bank with the program Dal”
MethodCampbell, R. E., Mosimann, S. C., Rijn, I. V. D., et al. (2000) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi000181h · Cited by 101
Folding simulations and computer redesign of protein A three-helix bundle motifs
Olszewski, K. A., Koliński, A., & Skolnick, J. (1996) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(199607)25:3 · Cited by 45
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“melanogaster Pelle DD created from pairwise superpositions calculated in DALI (Holm and Sander, 1993).”
MethodA Structural Genomics Approach to the Study of Quorum Sensing
Lewis, H. A., Furlong, E. B., Laubert, B., et al. (2001) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00613-x · Cited by 100
Nishino, T., Komori, K., Tsuchiya, D., et al. (2001) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00576-7 · Cited by 100
Mosca, R., & Schneider, T. R. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn197 · Cited by 100
“The first group of computer programs includes DALI (5), CE (6) and MAMMOTH (7) for pairwise alignment and CEMC (8), SSM (9) and MAMMOTHMult (10) for multiple alignment.”
MethodCantoni, C., Ponassi, M., Biassoni, R., Conte, R., Spallarossa, A., Moretta, A., Moretta, L., Bolognesi, M., & Bordo, D. (2003) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00095-9 · Cited by 100
Toward a Structural Understanding of the Dehydratase Mechanism
Allard, S. T. M., Beis, K., Giraud, M., et al. (2002) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00694-3 · Cited by 100
The Active Conformation of Glutamate Synthase and its Binding to Ferredoxin
van den Heuvel, R. H. H., Svergun, D. I., Petoukhov, M. V., et al. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00522-9 · Cited by 100
Crystal structure of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein
Gaudier, M., Gaudin, Y., & Knossow, M. (2002) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf284 · Cited by 100
Goedken, E. R., & Marqusee, S. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m009626200 · Cited by 99
Solution structure of ThiS and implications for the evolutionary roots of ubiquitin.
Nicholson, L. K., Wang, C., Xi, J., & Begley, T. P. (2001) · Nature Structural Biology · doi:10.1038/83041 · Cited by 100
Comparative Analysis of Protein Structure Alignments
Mayr, G., Domingues, F. S., & Lackner, P. (2007) · BMC Structural Biology · doi:10.1186/1472-6807-7-50 · Cited by 99
“Several methods have been the focus of these analyses, in particular SSAP [30], STRUCTAL [31], DALI [13], LSQMAN [32], CE [12], SSM [29], ASH [27] and TM-align [28].”
MethodAn Alternative Mechanism for Amidase Signature Enzymes
Labahn, J., Neumann, S., Büldt, G., Kula, M., & Granzin, J. (2002) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00886-0 · Cited by 98
Metadata
- Authors
- Holm, L., & Sander, C.
- Affiliations
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1993-09
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-138
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022058405
- Cited by
- 3,984
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 106 · 2012: 98
- FWCI
- 15.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Structural Biology › Enzyme Structure and Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- protein structure comparison, Dali, Monte Carlo optimization, structural similarity, protein fold classification, structural core, colicin A, globin, lambda repressor, sequence gaps
- MeSH terms
- Actins, Algorithms, Amino Acid Sequence, Colicins, DNA-Binding Proteins, Globins, Heat-Shock Proteins, Hexokinase, Models, Molecular, Molecular Sequence Data, Monte Carlo Method, Muramidase, Software, Reproducibility of Results, Cluster Analysis, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Protein Structure, Secondary, Protein Structure, Tertiary
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