The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anatomy of hot spots in protein interfaces
Abstract
Binding of one protein to another is involved in nearly all biological functions, yet the principles governing the interaction of proteins are not fully understood. To analyze the contributions of individual amino acid residues in protein-protein binding we have compiled a database of 2325 alanine mutants for which the change in free energy of binding upon mutation to alanine has been measured (available at http://motorhead. ucsf.edu/thorn/hotspot). Our analysis shows that at the level of side-chains there is little correlation between buried surface area and free energy of binding. We find that the free energy of binding is not evenly distributed across interfaces; instead, there are hot spots of binding energy made up of a small subset of residues in the dimer interface. These hot spots are enriched in tryptophan, tyrosine and arginine, and are surrounded by energetically less important residues that most likely serve to occlude bulk solvent from the hot spot. Occlusion of solvent is found to be a necessary condition for highly energetic interactions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Protein-protein interfaces are characterized by the existence of hot spots or ‘hot regions’ in interacting regions instead of an even contribution across all contact areas.371,476,487,492–495”
From Protein Ensembles: How Does Nature Harness Thermodynamic Fluctuations for Life? The Diverse Functional Roles of Conformational Ensembles in the Cell (2016) · cites this paper as [495]
In the citing paper
“The latter two are experimental hot‐spots41 (Supporting Information Tables S2 and S8) and the third one is a candidate for experimental verification.”
From iSEE: Interface structure, evolution, and energy-based machine learning predictor of binding affinity changes upon mutations (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
Citations
Cites
MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures
Kraulis, P. J. (1991) · Journal of Applied Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0021889891004399 · Cited by 14,011
The protein data bank: A computer-based archival file for macromolecular structures
Bernstein, F. C., Koetzle, T. F., Williams, G. J. B., Meyer, E. F., Brice, M. D., Rodgers, J. R., Kennard, O., Shimanouchi, T., & Tasumi, M. (1977) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(77)80200-3 · Cited by 8,574
Principles of protein-protein interactions
Jones, S., & Thornton, J. M. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.13 · Cited by 2,684
Raster3D Version 2.0. A program for photorealistic molecular graphics
Merritt, E. A., & Murphy, M. E. P. (1994) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444994006396 · Cited by 2,493
Stability of Proteins Small Globular Proteins
Privalov, P. L. (1979) · Advances in protein chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60460-x · Cited by 2,163
A Hot Spot of Binding Energy in a Hormone-Receptor Interface
Clackson, T., & Wells, J. A. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7529940 · Cited by 1,987
High-Resolution Epitope Mapping of hGH-Receptor Interactions by Alanine-Scanning Mutagenesis
Cunningham, B. C., & Wells, J. A. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2471267 · Cited by 1,361
Shape Complementarity at Protein/Protein Interfaces
Lawrence, M. C., & Colman, P. M. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1648 · Cited by 1,224
Shape complementarity at protein–protein interfaces
Norel, R., Lin, S. L., Wolfson, H. J., & Nussinov, R. (1994) · Biopolymers · doi:10.1002/bip.360340711 · Cited by 1,208
An Evolutionary Trace Method Defines Binding Surfaces Common to Protein Families
Lichtarge, O., Bourne, H. R., & Cohen, F. E. (1996) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0167 · Cited by 1,196
Principles of protein–protein recognition
Chothia, C., & Janin, J. (1975) · Nature · doi:10.1038/256705a0 · Cited by 1,049
Surface, subunit interfaces and interior of oligomeric proteins
Janin, J., Miller, S. M., & Chothia, C. (1988) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(88)90606-7 · Cited by 653
A fast algorithm for rendering space-filling molecule pictures
Bacon, D., & Anderson, W. (1988) · Journal of Molecular Graphics · doi:10.1016/s0263-7855(98)80030-1 · Cited by 617
Functional Mimicry of a Protein Hormone by a Peptide Agonist: The EPO Receptor Complex at 2.8 Å
Livnah, O., Stura, E. A., Johnson, D. L., Middleton, S. A., Mulcahy, L. S., Wrighton, N. C., Dower, W. J., Jolliffe, L. K., & Wilson, I. A. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5274.464 · Cited by 588
Schreiber, G., & Fersht, A. R. (1995) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(95)80064-6 · Cited by 569
Comparison of a Structural and a Functional Epitope
Cunningham, B. C., & Wells, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1611 · Cited by 510
Muller, Y. A., Li, B., Christinger, H. W., Wells, J. A., Cunningham, B. C., & de Vos, A. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7192 · Cited by 467
Studies of protein‐protein interfaces: A statistical analysis of the hydrophobic effect
Tsai, C., Lin, S. L., Wolfson, H. J., & Nussinov, R. (1997) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5560060106 · Cited by 428
Peptide Agonist of the Thrombopoietin Receptor as Potent as the Natural Cytokine
Cwirla, S. E., Palaniappan, B., Duffin, D. J., Wagstrom, C. R., Gates, C. M., Singer, S. C., Davis, A. M., Tansik, R. L., Mattheakis, L. C., Boytos, C. M., et al. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1696 · Cited by 404
The X-ray structure of a growth hormone–prolactin receptor complex
Somers, W. S., Ultsch, M. H., de Vos, A. M., & Kossiakoff, A. A. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372478a0 · Cited by 393
Hébert, C. A., Vitangcol, R. V., & Baker, J. B. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55160-7 · Cited by 369
On the attribution of binding energy in antigen-antibody complexes McPC 603, D1.3, and HyHEL-5
Novotný, J., Bruccoleri, R. E., & Saul, F. A. (1989) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00437a034 · Cited by 367
[18] Systematic mutational analyses of protein-protein interfaces
Wells, J. A. (1991) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)02020-a · Cited by 345
Calculation of the free energy of association for protein complexes
Horton, N. C., & Lewis, M. (1992) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5560010117 · Cited by 329
Design, synthesis, and application of a Protein A mimetic
Li, R., Dowd, V., Stewart, D. J., Burton, S. J., & Lowe, C. R. (1998) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0298-190 · Cited by 297
Bass, S., Mulkerrin, M. G., & Wells, J. A. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4498 · Cited by 285
Interaction of barnase with its polypeptide inhibitor barstar studied by protein engineering
Schreiber, G., & Fersht, A. R. (1993) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00070a025 · Cited by 284
Clackson, T., Ultsch, M. H., Wells, J. A., & de Vos, A. M. (1998) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1669 · Cited by 277
Electrostatic complementarity at protein/protein interfaces 1 1Edited by B. Honig
McCoy, A. J., Epa, V. C., & Colman, P. M. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.0987 · Cited by 256
Theoretical studies of protein folding and unfolding
Karplus, M., & Šali, A. (1995) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/0959-440x(95)80010-x · Cited by 255
PADLAN, E. A. (1990) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.340070203 · Cited by 233
Lee, K. H., Xie, D., Freire, E., & Amzel, L. M. (1994) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.340200108 · Cited by 219
Patick, A. K., Mo, H., Markowitz, M. H., Appelt, K., Wu, B.-W., Musick, L., Kalish, V. J., Kaldor, S. W., Reich, S., Ho, D. D., et al. (1996) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.40.2.292 · Cited by 210
Rational design of receptor-specific variants of human growth hormone.
Cunningham, B. C., & Wells, J. A. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.8.3407 · Cited by 208
High resolution functional analysis of antibody-antigen interactions
Jin, L., FENDLY, B. M., & Wells, J. A. (1992) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90636-x · Cited by 207
Papageorgiou, A. C., Shapiro, R., & Acharya, K. R. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.17.5162 · Cited by 193
Shapiro, R., & Vallée, B. L. (1989) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00444a038 · Cited by 193
Design and Synthesis of Potent and Highly Selective Thrombin Inhibitors
Hilpert, K., Ackermann, J., Banner, D. W., Gast, A., Gubernator, K., Hadváry, P., Labler, L., Müller, K., Schmid, G., Tschopp, T. B., et al. (1994) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm00049a008 · Cited by 189
Structural Plasticity in a Remodeled Protein-Protein Interface
Atwell, S., Ultsch, M. H., de Vos, A. M., & Wells, J. A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5340.1125 · Cited by 180
Mapping the CD4 binding site for human immunodeficiency virus by alanine-scanning mutagenesis.
Ashkenazi, A., Presta, L. G., Marsters, S. A., Camerato, T. R., Rosenthal, K., FENDLY, B. M., & Capon, D. J. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.18.7150 · Cited by 173
Dickinson, C. D., Kelly, C. R., & Ruf, W. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14379 · Cited by 169
Thermodynamic analysis of an antibody functional epitope
Kelley, R. F., & O'Connell, M. P. (1993) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00078a005 · Cited by 168
Practical Application of Computer-Aided Drug Design
Charifson, P. S. (1997) · Marcel Dekker eBooks · Cited by 163
Mutational analysis of the interaction between staphylococcal protein A and human IgG1
Cedergren, L., Andersson, R., Jansson, B., Uhlén, M., & Nilsson, B. (1993) · Protein Engineering Design and Selection · doi:10.1093/protein/6.4.441 · Cited by 159
Janin, J. (1995) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.340210105 · Cited by 146
Springer, B. A., Pantoliano, M. W., Barbera, F. A., Gunyuzlu, P. L., Thompson, L. D., Herblin, W. F., Rosenfeld, S. A., & Book, G. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47101-3 · Cited by 141
A Mutational Analysis of the Binding of Two Different Proteins to the Same Antibody
Dall’Acqua, W. F., Goldman, E. R., Eisenstein, E., & Mariuzza, R. A. (1996) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi960819i · Cited by 130
Tilley, J., Chen, L., Fry, D. C., Emerson, S. D., Powers, G. D., Biondi, D. A., Varnell, T. A., Trilles, R. V., Guthrie, R. W., Mennona, F. A., et al. (1997) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja970702x · Cited by 129
Hawkins, R. E., Russell, S. J., Baier, M., & Winter, G. P. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1650 · Cited by 128
Castro, M. J. M., & Anderson, S. (1996) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi960515w · Cited by 114
Sauvé, K., Nachman-Clewner, M., Spence, C. L., Bailon, P., Campbell, E., Tsien, W. H., Kondas, J. A., Hakimi, J., & Ju, G. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.11.4636 · Cited by 100
Affinity and Specificity of Serine Endopeptidase-Protein Inhibitor Interactions
Krystek, S. R., Stouch, T. R., & Novotný, J. (1993) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1619 · Cited by 98
Wang, Y., Shen, B., & Sebald, W. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1657 · Cited by 95
Kelley, R. F., Costas, K. E., O'Connell, M. P., & Lazarus, R. A. (1995) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00033a009 · Cited by 80
Dissecting the energetics of an antibody‐antigen interface by alanine shaving and molecular grafting
Jin, L., & Wells, J. A. (1994) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5560031219 · Cited by 79
Identification of functional arginines in human angiogenin by site-directed mutagenesis
Shapiro, R., & Vallée, B. L. (1992) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00164a026 · Cited by 71
Tsumoto, K., Ogasahara, K., Ueda, Y., Watanabe, K., Yutani, K., & Kumagai, I. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.31.18551 · Cited by 70
Ruf, W., Schullek, J. R., Stone, M. J., & Edgington, T. S. (1994) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00172a037 · Cited by 69
Goldman, E. R., Dall’Acqua, W. F., Braden, B. C., & Mariuzza, R. A. (1997) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi961769k · Cited by 67
Use of X-Ray Crystallography in the Design of Antiviral Agents
(1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-438745-4.x5001-0 · Cited by 58
High-resolution mapping of the HyHEL-10 epitope of chicken lysozyme by site-directed mutagenesis.
Kam-Morgan, L. N. W., Smith‐Gill, S. J., Taylor, M. G., Zhang, L., Wilson, A. C., & Kirsch, J. F. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.9.3958 · Cited by 54
Identification of Residues Critical to the Activity of Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
Reidhaar-Olson, J. F., Souza-Hart, J. A. D., & Selick, H. E. (1996) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi952705x · Cited by 45
Chen, C., & Shapiro, R. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1761 · Cited by 44
Characterization of the receptor binding determinants of granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Young, D. C., Cheng, Q., Hou, J., Matthews, D. J., & Zhan, H. (1997) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.5560060611 · Cited by 41
Energetic Contributions and Topographical Organization of Ligand Binding Residues of Tissue Factor
Ruf, W., Kelly, C. R., Schullek, J. R., Martin, D. M. A., Polikarpov, I., Boys, C., Tuddenham, E. G. D., & Edgington, T. S. (1995) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00019a008 · Cited by 36
Gibbs, C. S., McCurdy, S. N., Leung, L. L. K., & Paborsky, L. R. (1994) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00251a007 · Cited by 34
Glu-96 of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Is Essential for High Affinity Receptor Binding
Zhu, H., Ramnarayan, K., Anchin, J. M., Miao, W. Y., Sereno, A., Millman, L., Zheng, J., Balaji, V., & Wolff, M. E. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.37.21869 · Cited by 27
Knowledge-based modeling of a bacterial dichloromethane dehalogenase
and, A. M., & Ferguson, D. M. (1997) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(199706)28:2 · Cited by 27
Lavoie, T., Kam-Morgan, L. N. W., Mallett, C. P., Schilling, J. W., Prager, E. M., Wilson, A. C., & Smith‐Gill, S. J. (1990) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-438745-4.50022-7 · Cited by 13
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 71 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Judice, 1997, Small molecule inhibitors of human growth hormone/receptor binding, FASEB J., 11, A839
- Schreiber, 1995, Energetics of protein-protein interactions, J. Mol. Biol., 248, 478, 10.1006/jmbi.1995.0235 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Water as an active constituent in cell biology
Ball, P. (2008) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr068037a · Cited by 2,177
The atomic structure of protein-protein recognition sites 1 1Edited by A. R. Fersht
Conte, L. L., Chothia, C., & Janin, J. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2439 · Cited by 1,967
Small-molecule inhibitors of protein–protein interactions: progressing towards the dream
Arkin, M. R., & Wells, J. A. (2004) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1343 · Cited by 1,705
Principles of docking: An overview of search algorithms and a guide to scoring functions
Halperin, I., Ma, B., Wolfson, H., & Nussinov, R. (2002) · Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.10115 · Cited by 1,294
Gohlke, H., Kiel, C., & Case, D. A. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00610-7 · Cited by 1,205
Metadata
- Authors
- Bogan, A. A., & Thorn, K. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bogan, Andrew A
- ORCID
- Thorn, Kurt S
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-07
- Volume
- 280
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 0022-2836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051710717
- Cited by
- 1,988
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 110 · 2012: 112
- FWCI
- 11.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › thermodynamics and calorimetric analyses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Structural Biology › Enzyme Structure and Function
- Keywords
- protein-protein binding, binding hot spots, alanine scanning, binding free energy, protein interfaces, buried surface area, tryptophan, tyrosine, L-arginine, dimer interface, binding energy distribution
- MeSH terms
- Alanine, Amino Acids, Binding Sites, Humans, Protein Binding, Proteins, Structure-Activity Relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review