Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 177

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Community Reinforcement Approach

Open access
Meyers, Robert J., Smith, Jane Ellen, Lash, Denise N.·2002·Recent Developments in Alcoholism
DOI 10.1007/0-306-47939-7_14
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This chapter reviews two behavioral substance abuse treatments: The Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) and Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT). Both of these programs were built on the concept that an individual's recovery is greatly affected by his or her unique environment. This environment, or reinforcing "community," is composed of family, friends, work/school, social activities, and perhaps spiritual affiliations. CRA, the first of these two programs to be developed, was created specifically for the problem drinker (Hunt & Azrin, 1973). The goal of CRA is to rearrange multiple aspects of an individual's "community" so that a clean and sober lifestyle is more rewarding than one that is dominated by alcohol and drugs. Subsequently, CRAFT was developed for the many individuals with substance abuse problems who are vehemently opposed to treatment (Institute of Medicine, 1990). CRAFT works through concerned family members and friends of these treatment refusers in an effort to get them to seek therapy (Sisson & Azrin, 1986). Descriptions and the empirical support for CRA and CRAFT follow.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/0-306-47939-7_14

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 9 references

Research works printed but not linked: 30

  1. Abbott, P.J., Weller, S.B., Delaney, H.D., & Moore, B.A. (1998). Community Reinforcement Approach in the treatment of opiate addicts. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 24, 17–30. · DOI
  2. Azrin, N. (1976). Improvements in the community-reinforcement approach to alcoholism. Behaviour Research and Therapy 14, 339–348. · DOI · Paper page
  3. Azrin, N., Naster, B.J., & Jones, R. (1973). Reciprocity counseling: A rapid learning-based procedure for marital counseling. Behaviour Research and Therapy 11, 365–382. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Bickel, W.K., Amass, L., Higgins. S.T., Badger, G.J., & Esch, R. A. (1997). Effects of adding behavioral treatment to opioid detoxification with buprenorphine. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 803–810. · DOI
  5. Carroll, K.M., Ziedonis, D., O’Malley, S., McCance-Katz, E., Gordon, L., & Rounsaville, B. (1993). Pharmacologic interventions for alcohol-and cocaine-abusing individuals: A pilot study of disulfiram vs. naltrexone. The American journal on Addictions 2, 77–79. · DOI
  6. Carroll, K.M., Nich C., Ball, S.A., McCance, E., & Rounsaville, B.J. (1998). Treatment of cocaine and alcohol dependence with psychotherapy and disulfiram. Addiction 93, 713–728. · DOI · Paper page
  7. Cunningham, J.A., Sobell, L.C., Sobell, M.B., & Kapur, G. (1995). Resolution from alcohol treatment problems with and without treatment: Reasons for change. Journal of Substance Abuse 7, 275–372. · DOI
  8. Godley, S.H., Meyers, R.J., Smith, J.E., Godley, M.D., Titus, J.M., Karvinen, T., Dent, G., Passetti, L., & Kelberg, P. (2001). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach for Adolescent Cannabis Users, Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Series, Vol. 4. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
  9. Godley, M.D., Godley, S.H., Dennis, M.L., Funk, Rodney, & Passetti, L.L. (2002). A randomized trial of an assertive continuing care protocol for adolescents discharged from residential treatment: Preliminary outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 23 21–32. · DOI · Paper page
  10. Higgins, S.T., Budney, A.J., Bickel, W.K., Hughes, J.R., Foerg, F., & Badger, G. (1993). Achieving cocaine abstinence with a behavioral approach. American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 763–769. · DOI · Paper page
  11. Higgins, S.T., Budney, A.J., Bickel, W.K., Foerg, F.E., Ogden, D., & Badger, G.J. (1995). Outpatient behavioral treatment for cocaine dependence: One-year outcome. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 3, 205–212. · DOI · Paper page
  12. Higgins, ST., Budney, A.J., Bickel, Foerg, F., Donham, R. & Badger, G.J. (1994). Incentives improve treatment retention and cocaine abstinence in ambulatory cocaine-dependent patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 568–576. · DOI · Paper page
  13. Higgins, S.T., Wong, C.J., Badger, G.J., Haug Ogden, D.E., & Dantona, R.L. (2000). Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and one year of follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68, 64–72. · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.64 · Paper page
  14. Hunt, G.M., & Azrin, N.H. (1973). A community-reinforcement approach to alcoholism. Behaviour Research and Therapy 11, 91–104. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Institute of Medicine. (1990). Treating Drug Problems, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  16. Jellinek, E.M. (1960). The Disease Concept of Alcoholism. New Haven, CT: Hillhouse Press. · DOI · Paper page
  17. Mallams, J.H., Godley, M.D., Hall, G.M., & Meyers, R.J. (1982). A social-systems approach to resocializing alcoholics in the community. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 43, 1115–1123. · DOI
  18. Meyers, R.J., Miller, W.R., & Smith J.E. (2001). Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT). In R. Meyers & W. Miller (eds.), A Community Reinforcement Approach to Addiction Treatment. UK: University Press, pp. 147–160. · DOI
  19. Meyers, R.J., & Smith, J.E. (1995). Clinical Guide to Alcohol Treatment: The Community Reinforcement Approach. New York: Guilford.
  20. Meyers, R.J., & Smith, J.E. (1997). Getting off the fence: Procedures to engage treatment-resistant drinkers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 14(5), 467–472. · DOI
  21. Miller, W.R., Brown, J.M, Simpson, T.L., Handmaker, N.S., Bein, T.H., Luckie, L.F., Montgomery, H.A., Hester, R.K., & Tonigan, J.S. (1995). What works? A methodological analysis of the alcohol treatment outcome literature. In R. Hester & W. Miller (eds.), Handbook of Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Effective Alternatives. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  22. Miller, W.R., Meyers, R.J., Tonigan J.S., & Grant, K.A. (2001). Community reinforcement and traditional approaches: Findings of a controlled trial. In R. Meyers & W. Miller (eds.), A Community Reinforcement Approach to Addiction Treatment. Cambridge, UK: University Press, pp. 79–103. · DOI
  23. Moos, R.H., & Moos, B.S. (1986). Family Environment Scale Manual. Palo Alto CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
  24. O’Farrell, T.J., & Fals-Stewart, W. (2000). Behavioral couples therapy for alcoholism and drug abuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 18, 51–54. · DOI · Paper page
  25. Sisson, R.W., & Azrin, N.H. (1986). Family-member involvement to initiate and promote treatment of problem drinkers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 17, 15–21. · DOI · Paper page
  26. Smith, J.E., & Delaney, H.D. (2001). CRA with the homeless. In R. Meyers & W. Miller (eds.), A Community Reinforcement Approach to Addiction Treatment. Cambridge, UK: University Press, pp. 104–122. · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511570117.007
  27. Smith, J.E., & Meyers, R.J. (2001). The treatment. In R. Meyers & W. Miller (eds.), A Community Reinforcement Approach to Addiction Treatment. Cambridge, UK: University Press, pp. 28–61. · DOI
  28. Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., & Delaney, H. (1998). The community reinforcement approach with homeless alcohol-dependent individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, 541–548. · DOI
  29. Smith, J.E., Meyers, R.J., & Miller, W.R. (2001). The community reinforcement approach to the treatment of substance use disorders. The American Journal of Addictions 10 (suppl), 51–59. · DOI
  30. Spielberger, C.D., Jacobs, G., Russell, S., & Crane, R.S. (1983). Assessment of anger: The state-trait anger scale. In J.N. Butcher & C.D. Spielberger (eds.), Advances in Personality Assessment, Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ.: Erlbaum, pp. 159–187.

Cited by

See all 177

Metadata

Authors
Meyers, R. J., Smith, J. E., & Lash, D. N.
Venue
Recent Developments in Alcoholism
Publisher
Springer US
Published
2002
Volume
23
Issue
2
Pages
183-195
DOI
10.1007/0-306-47939-7_14
OpenAlex
W1879059732
Cited by
177
References
9
FWCI
18.48
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Community Reinforcement Approach. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/0-306-47939-7_14
The paper
Meyers, R. J., Smith, J. E., & Lash, D. N. (2002). The Community Reinforcement Approach. Recent Developments in Alcoholism. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47939-7_14

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.