Sequencing the biology of entry: the retroviral Env gene

Swanstrom, Ronald; Graham, William D.; Zhou, Shuntai

doi:10.1007/82_2017_35

Cited by 24HIV Research and TreatmentT-cell and Retrovirus StudiesHIV/AIDS drug development and treatment

Sequencing the biology of entry: the retroviral Env gene

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Swanstrom, Ronald, Graham, William D., Zhou, Shuntai·2017·Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

DOI 10.1007/82_2017_35PMC PMC7122457

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Abstract

The surface envelope protein of any virus is major determinant of the host cell that is infected and as a result a major determinant of viral pathogenesis. Retroviruses have a single surface protein named Env. It is a trimer of heterodimers and is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor and mediating fusion between the viral and host membranes. In this review we will discuss the history of the discovery of the avian leukosis virus (ALV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env proteins and their receptor specificity, comparing the many differences but having some similarities. Much of the progress in these fields has relied on viral genetics and genetic polymorphisms in the host population. A special feature of HIV-1 is that its persistent infection in its human host, to the point of depleting its favorite target cells, allows the virus to evolve new entry phenotypes to expand its host range into several new cell types. This variety of entry phenotypes has led to confusion in the field leading to the major form of entry phenotype of HIV-1 being overlooked until recently. Thus an important part of this story is the description and naming of the most abundant entry form of the virus: R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1.

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Authors: Swanstrom, R., Graham, W. D., & Zhou, S.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Swanstrom, Ronald
ORCID: Swanstrom, Ronald
Zhou, Shuntai
Venue: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published: 2017
Volume: 407
Pages: 65-82
ISSN: 0070-217X (ISSN-L)
2196-9965
DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_35
PMC: PMC7122457
OpenAlex: W2733304339
Cited by: 24
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 4.35
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Current topics in microbiology and immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Keywords: retroviral envelope protein, HIV-1, avian leukosis virus, viral entry, receptor specificity, host cell receptors, membrane fusion, viral evolution, host range, viral genetics, genetic polymorphism
MeSH terms: Animals, Avian Leukosis Virus, Humans, Receptors, Virus, T-Lymphocytes, HIV-1, Genes, env

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Sequencing the biology of entry: the retroviral Env gene

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