Digital images are data: and should be treated as such
Open accessAbstract
The scientific community has become very concerned about inappropriate image manipulation. In journals that check figures after acceptance, 20-25% of the papers contained at least one figure that did not comply with the journal's instructions to authors. The scientific press continues to report a small, but steady stream of cases of fraudulent image manipulation. Inappropriate image manipulation taints the scientific record, damages trust within science, and degrades science's reputation with the general public. Scientists can learn from historians and photojournalists, who have provided a number of examples of attempts to alter or misrepresent the historical record. Scientists must remember that digital images are numerically sampled data that represent the state of a specific sample when examined with a specific instrument. These data should be carefully managed. Changes made to the original data need to be tracked like the protocols used for other experimental procedures. To avoid pitfalls, unexpected artifacts, and unintentional misrepresentation of the image data, a number of image processing guidelines are offered.
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The scientific press continues to report a small but steady stream of cases of fraudulent image manipulation.
“The scientific press continues to report a small but steady stream of cases of fraudulent image manipulation,1”
From Deepfakes: A new threat to image fabrication in scientific publications? (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Cromey, D. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cromey, Douglas W.
- ORCID
- Cromey, Douglas W.
- Venue
- Methods in Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Humana Press
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 931
- Pages
- 1-27
- ISSN
- 1064-3745 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-6029
- PMC
- PMC4210356
- OpenAlex
- W2404590792
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 5.14
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Methods in molecular biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Arizona Cancer Center
- University of Arizona (ES006694)
- National Cancer Institute (P30 CA 23074, CA 23074, P30CA023074)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES-006694, P30ES006694)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Research Data Management Practices
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Keywords
- image editing, scientific integrity, data provenance, scholarly publishing, data management, image artifacts
- MeSH terms
- Electronic Data Processing, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Software, Scientific Misconduct, Information Storage and Retrieval, Artifacts, Guidelines as Topic, Peer Review, Research, Information Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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