Identification and Classification of Cyberbullying Posts: A Recurrent Neural Network Approach Using Under-Sampling and Class Weighting
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Several studies have been conducted on automatic identification of cyberbullying using different independent ML techniques.
“Several studies [21,64,115,134] have been conducted on the automatic identification of cyberbullying by using different independent ML techniques.”
From A Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection (2023) · cites this paper as [134]
A few studies exploit RNN-based techniques (LSTM, BiLSTM, RNN) while some other studies use CNN-based techniques (CNN, PCNN, Char-CNNS) to detect cyberbullying from different sources.
“A few studies [21,134] exploit RNN-based techniques, i.e., LSTM, BiLSTM, RNN, etc., while some other studies [5,137] use CNN-based techniques (i.e., CNN, PCNN, Char-CNNS, etc.) to detect cyberbullying from different sources.”
From A Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection (2023) · cites this paper as [134]
Several deep-learning-based cyberbullying detection methods have been conducted using individual models and presenting performance with popular evaluation metrics.
“Several deep-learning-based cyberbullying detection methods have been conducted by using individual models and presenting the performance of the models with popular evaluation metrics [21,134,149,150].”
From A Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection (2023) · cites this paper as [134]
Agarwal et al. [134] found their Bi-LSTM with attention layers method outperformed existing works with precision, recall, and F1 scores of 89%, 86%, and 88% on Wikipedia dataset.
“Experimental results show that their proposed method outperformed the existing works in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score of 89%, 86%, and 88%, respectively.”
From A Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection (2023) · cites this paper as [134]
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Are You a Racist or Am I Seeing Things? Annotator Influence on Hate Speech Detection on Twitter
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A Web of Hate: Tackling Hateful Speech in Online Social Spaces
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Effectiveness of coping strategies for victims of cyberbullying
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The Use of Deep Learning Distributed Representations in the Identification of Abusive Text
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Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 24 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Murshed, B. A. H., Abawajy, J., Mallappa, S., Saif, M. A. N., & Al-Ariki, H. D. E. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3153675 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“For example, Twitter messages are often brief, full of slang, and may include emojis, and gifs, which makes it impossible to deduce individuals ’ intentions and meanings purely from social media messages.”
Raj, C., Agarwal, A., Bharathy, G., Narayan, B., & Prasad, M. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10222810 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“[35] in order to classify cyberbullying posts using under sampling and class weighting for avoiding class imbalance in the dataset.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationA Review on Deep-Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection
Hasan, M. T., Hossain, M. A. E., Mukta, M. S. H., Akter, A., Ahmed, M., & Islam, S. (2023) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi15050179 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Several studies [21,64,115,134] have been conducted on the automatic identification of cyberbullying by using different independent ML techniques.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCyberbullying Detection and Severity Determination Model
Obaida, M. H., Guirguis, S. K., & Elkaffas, S. M. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3313113 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Max-pooling was used in conjunction with a bidirectional LSTM network and attention layers in [25].”
MethodFAEO-ECNN: cyberbullying detection in social media platforms using topic modelling and deep learning
Murshed, B. A. H., Suresha, Abawajy, J., Saif, M. A. N., Abdulwahab, H. M., & Ghanem, F. A. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-15372-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Four baseline cyberbullying detection models, namely LSTM [34], CNN + LSTM [62], RNN [2 ], and BLSTM [34], are selected for the comparison with the suggested FAEO-ECNN cyberbullying model.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeep Learning-Based Cyberbullying Detection in Kurdish Language
Badawi, S. S. (2024) · The Computer Journal · doi:10.1093/comjnl/bxae024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Amer, A. Y. A., Siddiqui, T., & Athamena, B. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2184218/v1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mohiuddin, G. M., Sayeed, M. S., & Ong, L. Y. (2025) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-025-00577-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The integration of Bi-LSTM with attention layers for detecting cyberbullying on the Wikipedia dataset outperformed other models, achieving 89% precision, 86% recall, and an F1-score of 88% [121].”
A Survey on Cybercrime Using Social Media
Abdalrdha, Z. K., Al-Bakry, A. M., & Farhan, A. K. (2023) · Iraqi Journal for Computers and Informatics · doi:10.25195/ijci.v49i1.404 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Twitter tweet classification has also been done using deep learning (DL) based classifiers [12], [13], and [14].”
MethodDetecting Cyberbullying in Twitter: A Multi-Model Approach
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IV-IDM: Reliable Intrusion Detection Method based on Involution and Voting
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“Under-sampling is a way to reduce the effect of the imbalanced class problem and has been used widely [18], [19].”
MethodBullyspoiler: Detect and Block Cyberbullying Tweet and Bully using Deep Learning
Soundararajan, K., Pathmapriya, S., Rajashree, R., & Sujitha, J. M. J. (2022) · Irish Interdisciplinary Journal of Science & Research · doi:10.46759/iijsr.2022.6209 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Liang, X., Zhang, Y., & Su, H. (2023) · doi:10.1109/prmvia58252.2023.00034 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“At this time, using SMOTE will blur the boundary and degrade the performance of the model [15].”
MethodCyberbullying: Research Challenges and Opportunities
Nizam, S., Matta, P., Kukreti, S., Upadhyay, R., & Dangwal, G. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (IC2PCT) · doi:10.1109/ic2pct60090.2024.10486805 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In [4], to tackle the prominent issue of online abuse, the author employed an RNN-based method for locating and categorising cyberbullying messages in textual datasets.”
Cyberbullying Detection and Severity Classification Using Bi-LSTM
Devi, K. N., Rajasekar, V., Jayanthi, P., Balasubramani, K., Kandasamy, K., & Gowrisankar, K. (2024) · International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES) · doi:10.1109/icces63552.2024.10859875 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effective Sentiment Analysis of Bengali Corpus by Using the Machine Learning Approach
Roy, P., Brahma, A., Goswami, S., & Sen, S. (2022) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2600-6_5
Nii, Y., Raj, C., Tiwana, M. S., Samarawickrama, M., Simoff, S. J., Jan, T., & Prasad, M. (2023) · Proceedings in adaptation, learning and optimization · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31164-2_23
Self-citationA Survey on Cyberbullying Classification and Detection
Perumal, S. V., & Pamila, J. C. M. J. (2023) · Journal of Information Technology and Digital World · doi:10.36548/jitdw.2023.2.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Conversation Graph Construction Approach of Cyberbully Detection Using Bully Scores
Valliyammai, C., Manikandan, D., Kumar, G. S. N., Keerthika, M., & Kavin, B. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9486-1_35
Identification of social media cyberbullying with the aid of machine learning
Elankavi, R., Geethavani, B., Meghana, S. C., Rekha, V., Priya, J. S., & Lookmaan, K. M. (2024) · International Conference on Communication, Computing and Energy Efficient Technologies (I3CEET) · doi:10.1109/i3ceet61722.2024.10993773
A Multimodal Deep Neural Network for Multiclass Hate Speech Classification
Sen, M., Kumar, R., Malakar, A., & Pal, S. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT) · doi:10.1109/csnt69054.2026.11502573
“Agarwal et al. [10] proposed a recurrent neural network-based approach enhanced with under-sampling and class weighting techniques to address data imbalance, demonstrating improved classification performance over conventional machine learning models.”
- Authors
- Agarwal, A., Chivukula, A. S., Bhuyan, M. H., Jan, T., Narayan, B., & Prasad, M.
- Affiliations
- Delhi Technological University (IN)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Melbourne Institute of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Prasad, Mukesh
- Venue
- Communications in Computer and Information Science
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2020
- Pages
- 113-120
- ISSN
- 1865-0929 (ISSN-L)
- 1865-0937
- OpenAlex
- W3105050934
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Communications in computer and information science (publishedVersion)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Text and Document Classification Technologies
- Keywords
- cyberbullying detection, social media abuse, class imbalance, Tomek links, undersampling, class weighting, bidirectional LSTM, attention mechanism, Wikipedia
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