LLM-driven medical document analysis: Enhancing trustworthy pathology and differential diagnosis

BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining

Lee, J., Yoon, W., Kim, S., Kim, D., Kim, S., So, C. H., & Kang, J. (2020) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz682 · Cited by 7,218 · see citing works

Large language models encode clinical knowledge

Singhal, K., Azizi, S., Tu, T., Mahdavi, S. S., Wei, J., Chung, H. W., Scales, N., Tanwani, A., Cole-Lewis, H., Pfohl, S., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 · Cited by 4,083 · see citing works

LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Models

Hu, E. J., Shen, Y., Wallis, P., Allen-Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Wang, S., Wang, L., & Chen, W. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.09685 · Cited by 2,523 · see citing works

Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models

Singhal, K., Tu, T., Gottweis, J., Sayres, R., Wulczyn, E., Amin, M., Hou, L., Clark, K., Pfohl, S. R., Cole-Lewis, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03423-7 · Cited by 1,734 · see citing works

BioGPT: generative pre-trained transformer for biomedical text generation and mining

Luo, R., Sun, L., Xia, Y., Qin, T., Zhang, S., Poon, H., & Liu, T.-Y. (2022) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbac409 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works

What Disease Does This Patient Have? A Large-Scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Exams

Jin, D., Pan, E., Oufattole, N., Weng, W.-H., Fang, H., & Szolovits, P. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11146421 · Cited by 718 · see citing works

PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answering

Jin, Q., Dhingra, B., Liu, Z., Cohen, W., & Lu, X. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d19-1259 · Cited by 685 · see citing works

GLoRIA: A Multimodal Global-Local Representation Learning Framework for Label-efficient Medical Image Recognition

Huang, S.-C., Shen, L., Lungren, M. P., & Yeung, S. (2021) · 2021 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv48922.2021.00391 · Cited by 489 · see citing works

Intrinsic Dimensionality Explains the Effectiveness of Language Model Fine-Tuning

Aghajanyan, A., Gupta, S., & Zettlemoyer, L. (2021) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.568 · Cited by 429 · see citing works

Natural language processing in electronic health records in relation to healthcare decision-making: a systematic review

Hossain, E., Rana, R., Higgins, N., Soar, J., Barua, P. D., Pisani, A. R., & Turner, K. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106649 · Cited by 407 · see citing works

PMC-LLaMA: toward building open-source language models for medicine

Wu, C., Lin, W., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Xie, W., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae045 · Cited by 300 · see citing works

RetainVis: Visual Analytics with Interpretable and Interactive Recurrent Neural Networks on Electronic Medical Records

Kwon, B. C., Choi, M.-J., Kim, J. T., Choi, E., Kim, Y. B., Kwon, S., Sun, J., & Choo, J. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2865027 · Cited by 294 · see citing works

Challenges and barriers of using large language models (LLM) such as ChatGPT for diagnostic medicine with a focus on digital pathology–a recent scoping review.

Ullah, E., Parwani, A., Baig, M. M., & Singh, R. (2024) · Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1186/s13000-024-01464-7 · Cited by 281 · see citing works

Exploring the role of ChatGPT in patient care (diagnosis and treatment) and medical research: A systematic review

Garg, R. K., Urs, V. L., Agrawal, A. A., Chaudhary, S. K., Paliwal, V. K., & Kar, S. K. (2023) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2023.22 · Cited by 233 · see citing works

Interactive computer-aided diagnosis on medical image using large language models

Wang, S., Zhao, Z., Ouyang, X., Liu, T., Wang, Q., & Shen, D. G. (2024) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-024-00271-8 · Cited by 149 · see citing works

When MOE Meets LLMs: Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning for Multi-task Medical Applications

Liu, Q., Wu, X., Zhao, X., Zhu, Y., Xu, D., Tian, F., & Zheng, Y. (2024) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3626772.3657722 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

ChatGPT and Clinical Decision Support: Scope, Application, and Limitations

Ferdush, J., Begum, M., & Hossain, S. T. (2023) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-023-03329-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Me-LLaMA: Foundation Large Language Models for Medical ApplicationsPreprint

Xie, Q., Chen, Q., Chen, A., Cheng, P., Hu, Y., Lin, F., Peng, X., Huang, J., Zhang, J., Keloth, V. K., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4240043/v1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Efficient Symptom Inquiring and Diagnosis Via Adaptive Alignment of Reinforcement Learning and Classification

Yuan, H., & Yu, S. (2022) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102748 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The Impact of LoRA Adapters on LLMs for Clinical Text Classification Under Computational and Data Constraints

Le, T.-D., Nguyen, T. T., Ha, V. N., Chatzinotas, S., Jouvet, P. A., & Noumeir, R. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3582037 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Knowledge Grounded Conversational Symptom Detection with Graph Memory Networks

Luo, H., Li, S.-W. D., & Glass, J. R. (2020) · Clinical Natural Language Processing Workshop (ClinicalNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.clinicalnlp-1.16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

An LLM's Medical Testing Recommendations in a Nigerian Clinic: Potential and Limits of Prompt Engineering for Clinical Decision Support

McPeak, G., Sautmann, A., George, O. S., Hallal, A., Simal, E. A., Schwartz, A. L., Abaluck, J., Ravi, N., & Pless, R. B. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi61247.2024.00094 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Explainability of decoder-only clinical large language models: A scoping review

Mishra, N., Abu-Hanna, A., & Calixto, I. (2026) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2026.103501

M3-MedQC: A Method for Inherent Quality Control of Electronic Medical Records Based on Large Language Models and Multi-granularity Evaluation

Xu, T., Zhu, X., Cheng, H., Yao, P., & Duan, H. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7299-1_27

Differential diagnosis making with large language models and probabilistic logic program

Galitsky, B. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30046-2.00010-7

Explainable differential diagnosis with dual-inference large language models

Zhou, S., Lin, M., Ding, S., Wang, J., Chen, C., Melton, G. B., Zou, J., & Zhang, R. (2025) · npj Health Systems · doi:10.1038/s44401-025-00015-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Dr. med. Halluzinationen: Warum LLMs keine Differenzialdiagnosen können

Guo, L. E. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22110246

Integration of Retrieval-Augmented Generation Technique for LLM-based Differential Diagnosis Assistant

Pinna, S., Massa, S. M., Fenu, M., Casti, G., & Riboni, D. (2025) · International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA) · doi:10.1145/3733155.3733192 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

A generalist medical language model for disease diagnosis assistance

Liu, X., Liu, H., Yang, G., Jiang, Z., Cui, S., Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Tao, L., Sun, Y., Song, Z., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03416-6 · Cited by 183 · see citing works