The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Search Engine Bias and the Demise of Search Engine Utopianism
Open accessOverview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although users tend to select among the first results returned by the search engine (56), the interface enables them to browse many alternative results.”
From The impact of generative artificial intelligence on socioeconomic inequalities and policy making (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Citations
Cites
Personalizing search via automated analysis of interests and activities
Teevan, J. B., Dumais, S., & Horvitz, E. (2005) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/1076034.1076111 · Cited by 803
Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matters
Introna, L. D., & Nissenbaum, H. F. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315259697-19 · Cited by 696
Real life information retrieval: a study of user queries on the Web
Jansen, B. J. J., Spink, A. H., Bateman, J., & Saračević, T. (1998) · ACM SIGIR Forum · doi:10.1145/281250.281253 · Cited by 625
Proceedings of the 31st international conference on Very large data bases
Bratbergsengen, K. (2005) · International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces · Cited by 408
Pitkow, J. E., Schütze, H., Cass, T. A., Cooley, R., Turnbull, D., Edmonds, A., Adar, E., & Breuel, T. M. (2002) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/567498.567526 · Cited by 335
Impact of search engines on page popularity
Cho, J. J., & Roy, S. (2004) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/988672.988676 · Cited by 284
Open portals or closed gates? Channeling Content on the World Wide Web
Hargittai, E. (2000) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/s0304-422x(00)00006-1 · Cited by 114
Korf, R. E., Zhang, W., Thayer, I., & Hohwald, H. (2005) · Journal of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1089023.1089024 · Cited by 102
Butler, D. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35012148 · Cited by 80
Mowshowitz, A., & Kawaguchi, A. (2002) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/567498.567527 · Cited by 74
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Baker CE (1993) Advertising and a democratic press. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
- Elkin-Koren N (2001) Let the crawlers crawl: on virtual gatekeepers and the right to exclude indexing. University of Dayton Law Review 26: 180–209
- Goldman E (2005) Deregulating relevancy in Internet trademark law. Emory Law Journal 54: 507, 567–68
- Goldman E (2006) A coasean analysis of marketing. Wisconsin Law Review 2006: 1151
- Menczer F et al. (1999, February). Googlearchy or Googlocracy. IEEE Spectrum
- O’Rourke M (1998) Defining the limits of free-riding in cyberspace: trademark liability for metatagging. Gonzaga Law Review 33: 277
- Santo F, et al. (2005, November) The egalitarian effect of search engines. Arxiv preprint csCY/0511005. Available: http://arxiv.org/pdf/cs.CY/0511005 via the Internet. · arXiv
- Silva MJ (2003) The case for a portuguese web search engine. Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference WWW/Internet 411–418
- Sunstein C (2001) Republic.Com. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
- Upstill T et al. (2003) Predicting fame and fortune: pagerank or indegree. Proceedings of the Australasian Document Computing Symposium, ADCS2003 31–40
- Vividence (2004, May 25) Google wins users’ hearts, but not their ad clicks. (press release). Available: http://www.vividence.com/public/company/news+and+events/press+releases/2004–05-25+ce+rankings +search.htm via the Internet.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–164 of 164
Roß, W., & Weghake, J. (2015) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110506044-010 · Cited by 3
Model-Agnostic Explainability for Visual Search.Preprint
Hamilton, M., Lundberg, S., Zhang, L., Fu, S., & Freeman, W. T. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 3
Axiomatic Explanations for Visual Search, Retrieval, and Similarity LearningPreprint
Hamilton, M., Lundberg, S., Zhang, L., Fu, S., & Freeman, W. T. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.00370 · Cited by 10
“In other domains, search engine bias can disproportionately ans systematically hide certain voices (Mowshowitz & Kawaguchi, 2002; Diaz, 2008; Goldman, 2005).”
BackgroundLassi, A. (2023) · Revista Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.29166/csociales.v1i44.4213 · Cited by 4
Fornasier, M. D. O., & Knebel, N. M. P. (2021) · Duc In Altum - Cadernos de Direito · doi:10.22293/2179-507x.v12i28.1435 · Cited by 2
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.003.0006 · Cited by 2
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.003.0001 · Cited by 2
Valera, P. A., Carmona, D., Singh, V. K., Malarkey, S., Baquerizo, H., & Smith, N. (2023) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23013 · Cited by 2
Tackling the Grand Challenge of Algorithmic Opacity Through Principled Robust Action
Buhmann, A., & Fieseler, C. (2021) · Morals & Machines · doi:10.5771/2747-5174-2021-1-74 · Cited by 4
The internet as a democratising force
Laidlaw, E. B. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107278721.002 · Cited by 2
Herman, A. M., Park, A. L., Lee, C. C., Paul, H. L., Choplin, E. G., Deitcher, L., Ghuman, S., Hartsock, J. T., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2023) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-023-01276-9 · Cited by 1
“For example, search engine algorithms tend to prioritize populating well-known websites and may reduce the reach of less common resources developed by mental health professionals (Goldman, 2008).”
BackgroundIs Generative AI Ready to Join the Conversation That We Are?
Hornby, R. (2024) · Technophany A Journal for Philosophy and Technology · doi:10.54195/technophany.18134 · Cited by 2
How to Measure Public Opinion in the Networked Age: Working in a Googleocracy or a Googlearchy?
Westwood, S. J. (2010) · IFIP International Federation for Information Processing/IFIP · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15479-9_14 · Cited by 1
Libertad de expresión y el mito de Internet como una experiencia no intermediada
Yoo, C. S. (2013) · Revista Chilena de Derecho y Tecnología · doi:10.5354/0719-2584.2013.27128 · Cited by 1
Unite or divide? Biased search queries and Google Search results in polarized politics
Tong, C. (2025) · ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci) · doi:10.1145/3717867.3717888 · Cited by 1
“In fact, the “core” function of search engines is to induce biases - in the form of automated ranking and filtering mechanisms - that can prioritize relevant and reliable sources to tailor to specific needs of information seekers [11, 12].”
Search engine coverage of South African and Afrikaans websites
Breytenbach, J., & Macdonald, T. (2010) · Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie · doi:10.4102/satnt.v29i3.15 · Cited by 1
Decrypting Google’s Search Engine Bias Case: Anti-Trust Enforcement in the Digital Age
Bhamore, S. (2019) · Christ University Law Journal · doi:10.12728/culj.14.2 · Cited by 1
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Internet gatekeepers, human rights and corporate social responsibilities
Laidlaw, E. B. (2012) · London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 1
Vie privée et quête de la perfection des moteurs de recherche audiovisuels
Zimmer, M. T. (2008) · Questions de communication · doi:10.4000/questionsdecommunication.841 · Cited by 1
Connected citizens or digital isolation? : online disability activism in times of crisis
Trevisan, F. (2013) · Enlighten: Theses (The University of Glasgow) · Cited by 1
Canadian trademarks and keyword advertising : the unsettled debate over trademark keywords
Kerluke, M. (2016) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0308603 · Cited by 1
Towards Regulating Gender and Racial Discrimination on Google Search EnginePreprint
Gboahan, F. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4046123 · Cited by 1
The politics of organizing information on the web : computing centres and natural languages
Jakobsson, P. G., & Stiernstedt, F. (2009) · Media in Transition
“Don’t be evil”: Uncovering the implications of Google search
Winston, S. (2011) · Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management · doi:10.5931/djim.v7i1.78
“This instigates a ―rich-get-richer‖ vicious cycle (also called Googlearchy) that prevents users from getting a variety of information from diverse and underrepresented websites (Diaz, 2008; Goldman, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialJiang, M. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2242652
“It is true that search engines cannot passively redistribute content from spammers and fraudsters (Goldman, 2006).”
Background10.5937/comman1431005l = Search engines as new gatekeepers
Lazic, M. (2014) · CM Communication and Media · doi:10.5937/comman1431005l
Google AdWords as a Network of Grey Surveillance
Roberts, H. M. (2010) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Schäfer, M. T. (2011)
Does Google Distort Your Clickk? Search Engines and the Emergence of Internet MonopoliesPreprint
Hong, S. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2799664
Mechanisms of information control: search engines
Laidlaw, E. B. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107278721.006
Dick, M. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-35034-3_2
Our "Special Obligation": Library Assessment, Learning Analytics, and Intellectual Freedom
Hartman‐Caverly, S. (2018)
Liberating Knowledge at the Margins
Dudley, M. Q. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.33137/cjal-rcbu.v5.29905
“…in the librarian or cataloguer’s hand, being influenced by algorithmic bias, relevancy ranking, and tools within vendor ecosystems (see for example Goldman 2008; 2011), KOS are only one of many potential sources of search-engine bias (Cleverly 2017) and so are beyond the scope of the analysis…”
BackgroundAporeticity of Privacy in New Media Environment
Barańska, M., & Hapek, M. E. (2019) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9100-9.ch001 · Cited by 1
Pak, Y. (2020) · The Journal of Intellectual Property · doi:10.34122/jip.2020.09.15.3.111
Reber, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.02018
“This can have significant social and commercial implications as it assigns visibility and directs attention (Goldman, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNatale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.003.0003
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.003.0005
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.003.0008
Shenker, B. S., Turner, J. C., & Brandspiegel, H. T. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research · doi:10.1002/jppr.1409
Value-Sensitive Software Design
Korenhof, P. (2023) · Classroom companion: business · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19554-9_21
Urman, A., & Makhortykh, M. (2023) · AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research · doi:10.5210/spir.v2022i0.13095
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0003
Language, Coding Categories, and Interpretive Schema Confer Advantage
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0005
Modes of Perpetuating Advantage
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0002
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.002.0003
Coordination and Organization Confer Advantage
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0008
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0010
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.002.0004
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0011
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0004
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0009
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0007
Social Expectations and Norms Confer Advantage
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0006
Goodin, R. E. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.003.0001
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192888204.002.0007
El sistema intercomunicacional: de los medios al cambio social mundial
Torres, E. (2023) · Perspectivas de la comunicación · doi:10.56754/0718-4867.2023.3040
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.002.0006
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.002.0003
Natale, S. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.002.0007
May it please the rule of law?
Trifunović, J. (2025) · doi:10.26481/dis.20250508jt
Incorporating Online Evidence-Based Mental Health Resources in Therapy
Herman, A. M., Bordeaux, L., Kondo, E., & Park, A. L. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08980-9_27
Governing AI as infrastructure
Naser, M. Z. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01260-7 · Cited by 1
“This concentration means that the algorithmic choices of a single company determine how billions of people encounter digital information and render alternative search engines marginal [33 , 34 ].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Goldman, E.
- Affiliations
- Santa Clara University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldman, E.
- ORCID
- Goldman, E.
- Venue
- Information Science and Knowledge Management
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Published
- 2008
- Pages
- 121-133
- ISSN
- 1568-1300 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1670552626
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 18.45
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- papers.ssrn.com
- Locations
- Information science and knowledge management (publishedVersion)
- Santa Clara Law Digital Commons (Santa Clara University) (submittedVersion)
- bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- search engine bias, search engine optimization, personalized search, search engine regulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review