The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Constraints on group size in primates and carnivores: population density and day-range as assays of exploitation competition
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The comparative method in evolutionary biology
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-5104 · Cited by 4,931
The Evolution of Social Behavior
Alexander, R. D. (1974) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001545 · Cited by 3,854
Biometry: The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research (2nd ed.).
Bailey, K., Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, F. J. (1982) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287349 · Cited by 3,728
The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies
Ragin, C. C. (2014) · doi:10.1525/9780520957350 · Cited by 2,130
An Ecological Model of Female-Bonded Primate Groups
Wrangham, R. W. (1980) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853980x00447 · Cited by 1,977
Self-citationAn outline of the dynamics of animal populations.
Nicholson, A. (1954) · Australian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1071/zo9540009 · Cited by 1,318
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6694-2 · Cited by 1,258
Why Are Diurnal Primates Living in Groups?
Van Schaik, C. P. (1983) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853983x00147 · Cited by 1,022
The Serengeti Lion The Serengeti Lion. A Study of Predator-Prey Relations George B. Schaller
van Gelder, R. G. (1973) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1296618 · Cited by 1,017
Primate Ecology and Social Organization
Richard, A. F. (1982) · Cited by 835
The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Mackinnon, J. (1974) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(74)80054-0 · Cited by 722
The ecology of social relationships amongst female primates
van Schaik, A. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 710
Why Lions Form Groups: Food is Not Enough
Packer, C., Scheel, D., & Pusey, A. E. (1990) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285079 · Cited by 651
Contest and scramble competition: patterns of female aggression and ranging behavior among primates
Isbell, L. A. (1991) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/2.2.143 · Cited by 643
Adaptation: Statistics and a Null Model for Estimating Phylogenetic Effects
Gittleman, J. L., & Kot, M. (1990) · Systematic Zoology · doi:10.2307/2992183 · Cited by 627
Self-citationFive New World Primates: A Study in Comparative Ecology
Terborgh, J. (1984) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400857166 · Cited by 562
On the Ultimate Causes of Primate Social Systems
VAN SCHAIK, C. P., & VAN HOOFF, J. A. R. A. M. (1983) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853983x00057 · Cited by 540
DAMUTH, J. (1987) · Biological Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb01990.x · Cited by 539
On the evolution of Ape Social Systems
Wrangham, R. (1979) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/053901847901800301 · Cited by 516
Self-citationThe Self-Adjustment of Populations to Change
Nicholson, A. J. (1957) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.1957.022.01.017 · Cited by 482
Schaller, G. B., Jin-chu, H., Pan, W., & Zhu, J. H. (1985) · Cited by 445
Recent Developments in the Analysis of Comparative Data
Pagel, M. D., & Harvey, P. H. (1988) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/416027 · Cited by 442
THE SOCIOECOLOGY OF PRIMATE GROUPS
Terborgh, J., & Janson, C. H. (1986) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.000551 · Cited by 412
The Mating Tactics and Spacing Patterns of Solitary Carnivores
Sandell, M. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_7 · Cited by 411
Rogers, L. L. (1987) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 380
A Primate Radiation: Evolutionary Biology of the African Guenons
Taylor, L. R., Gautier-Hion, A., Bourliere, F., Gautier, J.-P., & Kingdon, J. (1989) · The Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/5148 · Cited by 366
Baboons, Space, Time, and Energy
ALTMANN, S. A. (1974) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/14.1.221 · Cited by 345
Rijksen, H. D. (2024) · doi:10.18174/209957 · Cited by 340
Finch flocks in the Mohave Desert
Cody, M. L. (1971) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/0040-5809(71)90012-8 · Cited by 306
Scaling the Ecological Cost of Transport to Body Mass in Terrestrial Mammals
Garland (1983) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284084 · Cited by 279
The Social Regulation of Population Density and Age-Sex Distribution in the Toque Monkey
Dittus, W. P. J. (1977) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853977x00450 · Cited by 277
Species Differences in Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Primates
CLUTTON-BROCK, T. H., & HARVEY, P. H. (1977) · Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behavior in Lemurs, Monkey and Apes · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-176850-8.50024-x · Cited by 259
Carnivore Life History Patterns: Allometric, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Associations
Gittleman, J. L. (1986) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/284523 · Cited by 254
Self-citationEcology of Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops) in The Masai‐Amboseli Game Reserve, Kenya
Struhsaker, T. T. (1967) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1934531 · Cited by 247
Home Range and Daily March in a Hamadryas Baboon Troop
Sigg, H., & Stolba, A. (1981) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000156008 · Cited by 244
Comparative Ecology of Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus Mitis) in High‐ and Low‐ Density Subpopulations
Butynski, T. M. (1990) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.2307/1943016 · Cited by 241
Bayesian birds: A simple example of Oaten's stochastic model of optimal foraging
Green, R. F. (1980) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/0040-5809(80)90051-9 · Cited by 231
Cercopithecines in multimale groups : genetic diversity and population structure
Melnick, D. J., Pearl, M. C., Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., & Struhsaker, T. T. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 228
Self-citationHabitat use and resource availability in baboons
Barton, R. A., Whiten, A., Strum, S. C., Byrne, R. W., & Simpson, A. J. (1992) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80206-4 · Cited by 211
van Schaik, C. P., van Noordwijk, M. A., de Boer, R. J., & den Tonkelaar, I. (1983) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00299920 · Cited by 208
Ecological and Sociological Studies of Gelada Baboons
Wrangham, R. W., & Kawai, M. (1980) · The Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/4298 · Cited by 187
Self-citationThermoregulation, Habitat Quality and the Behavioural Ecology of Gelada Baboons
Iwamoto, T., & Dunbar, R. (1983) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.2307/4559 · Cited by 186
Ecological Constraints on Group Size in Three Species of Neotropical Primates
Chapman, C. A. (1990) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000156492 · Cited by 182
Self-citationFeeding, Ranging and Group Size in the Mangabey Cercocebus albigena
WASER, P. (1977) · Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behavior in Lemurs, Monkey and Apes · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-176850-8.50012-3 · Cited by 178
The Foraging Strategy of Howler Monkeys
Milton, K. (1980) · Cited by 175
On the Daily Behaviour and Spacing of Howling Monkey Groups
Chivers, D. J. (1969) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000155188 · Cited by 174
Leighton, M., & Leighton, D. R. (1982) · Biotropica · doi:10.2307/2387735 · Cited by 172
Carnivore Group Living: Comparative Trends
Gittleman, J. L. (1989) · Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_8 · Cited by 171
Self-citationScramble and Contest in Feeding Competition Among Female Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis)
Van Noordwijk, M. A., & Van Schaik, C. P. (1988) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853988x00458 · Cited by 167
Milton, K. (1984) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/bf02692271 · Cited by 166
Comparative Methods for Examining Adaptation Depend on Evolutionary Models
Pagel, M. D., & Harvey, P. H. (1989) · Folia Primatologica · doi:10.1159/000156417 · Cited by 162
On Comparing Comparative Methods
Gittleman, J. (1992) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.23.1.383 · Cited by 160
Self-citationde Ruiter, J. R. (1986) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853986x00982 · Cited by 143
Gorillas : variation in female relationships
Stewart, K. J. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 141
Forest guenons and patas monkeys : male-male competition in one-male groups
Cords, M. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 121
Locomotor Adaptations by Carnivores
Taylor, M. E. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0855-3_15 · Cited by 119
Demography and Group Structure in Wedgecapped Capuchin Monkeys, Cebus Olivaceus
Robinson, J. G. (1988) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853988x00520 · Cited by 104
Social organization and movement patterns of Black‐backed jackals Canis mesomelas in South Africa*
Ferguson, J. W. H., Nel, J. A. J., & de Wet, M. J. (1983) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05101.x · Cited by 93
Teleki, G., Coelho, A. M., Eckhardt, R. B., Fleagle, J. G., Hladik, C. M., Kelso, A. J., McGrew, W. C., Nash, L. T., Nishida, T., Paterson, J. D., et al. (1981) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/202662 · Cited by 84
Self-citation5. Foraging and Social Systems of Orangutans and Chimpanzees
Rodman, P. S. (1984) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/rodm90184-007 · Cited by 78
Whitesides, G. H. (1989) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90062-6 · Cited by 76
Barzdo, J., Morris, R., & Morris, D. (1981) · Cited by 69
Arden‐Clarke, C. H. G. (1986) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03576.x · Cited by 50
Dunbar, R. (1974) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf01791671 · Cited by 30
Observer bias in selection of study group in baboon field studies
Sharman, M., & Dunbar, R. (1982) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02373968 · Cited by 21
Cited by
Body mass in comparative primatology
Smith, R. J., & Jungers, W. L. (1997) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0122 · Cited by 1,307
Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups
Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., & Wrangham, R. W. (1995) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00175729 · Cited by 687
Self-citationConklin-Brittain, N. L., Wrangham, R. W., & Hunt, K. D. (1998) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1023/a:1020370119096 · Cited by 425
Self-citationUnderstanding primate brain evolution
Dunbar, R. I. M., & Shultz, S. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.2001 · Cited by 392
Female space use is the best predictor of monogamy in mammals
Komers, P. E., & Brotherton, P. N. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0174 · Cited by 297
Metadata
- Authors
- Wrangham, R. W., Gittleman, J. L., & Chapman, C. A.
- Venue
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
- Published
- 1993-03
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 0340-5443 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0762
- OpenAlex
- W2058513790
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 65
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.