Purposive behavior and cognitive mapping: a neural network model
Abstract
This study presents a real-time, biologically plausible neural network approach to purposive behavior and cognitive mapping. The system is composed of (a) an action system, consisting of a goal-seeking neural mechanism controlled by a motivational system; and (b) a cognitive system, involving a neural cognitive map. The goal-seeking mechanism displays exploratory behavior until either (a) the goal is found or (b) an adequate prediction of the goal is generated. The cognitive map built by the network is a topological map, i.e., it represents only the adjacency, but not distances or directions, between places. The network has recurrent and non-recurrent properties that allow the reading of the cognitive map without modifying it. Two types of predictions are introduced: fast-time and real-time predictions. Fast-time predictions are produced in advance of what occurs in real time, when the information stored in the cognitive map is used to predict the remote future. Real-time predictions are generated simultaneously with the occurrence of environmental events, when the information stored in the cognitive map is being updated. Computer simulations show that the network successfully describes latent learning and detour behavior in rats. In addition, simulations demonstrate that the network can be applied to problem-solving paradigms such as the Tower of Hanoi puzzle.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A number of neurobiologically inspired, fully mechanistic computational models of navigational behavior have been developed to account for the ability of animals relying on allocentric frameworks to perform path planning without resorting to mentalistic explanations.
“A number of neurobiologically inspired, fully mechanistic computational models of navigational behavior have been developed to account for the ability of animals relying on allocentric frameworks to perform path planning, without the need to resort to “mentalistic” explanations”
From Spatial Cognition in Teleost Fish: Strategies and Mechanisms (2021) · cites this paper as [93]
Cites
Skinner, B. F., & Hull, C. L. (1944) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1416955 · Cited by 4,061 · see citing works
Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men
Rodhom, C., & Tolman, E. C. (1950) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1418946 · Cited by 2,455 · see citing works
The Psychology of Animal Learning
Hill, W. F., & Mackintosh, N. J. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421765 · Cited by 2,397 · see citing works
The psychology of animal learning
Lea, S. E. G. (1975) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(75)90150-5 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men
Irwin, F. W. (1932) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,867 · see citing works
Hilgard, E. R. (1948) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · doi:10.1037/10757-000 · Cited by 1,332 · see citing works
Guthrie, E. R. (1935) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,186 · see citing works
The Organization of Action: A New Synthesis
Zeigler, H. P., & Gallistel, C. R. (1981) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422362 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Hebbian synapses in hippocampus.
Kelso, S. R., Ganong, A. H., & Brown, T. H. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.14.5326 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
D., C. P., Bower, G. H., & Hilgard, E. R. (1981) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422428 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Kohonen, T. (1977) · Communication and cybernetics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96384-1 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Associative long-term depression in the hippocampus induced by hebbian covariance
Stanton, P. K., & B, T. J. S. A. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/339215a0 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
University of California publications in psychology
Stratton, G. M. (1976) · Kraus Reprint eBooks · Cited by 366 · see citing works
A Neural Model of Attention, Reinforcement and Discrimination Learning
Grossberg, S. (1975) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60037-9 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
The Structural Basis of Behavior
Deese, J. (1961) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196105000-00014 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Deutsch, J. A. (1960) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The effect of the introduction of reward upon the maze performance of rats
Blodgett, H. C. (1929) · University of California Press eBooks · Cited by 248 · see citing works
The Mechanism of the Nervous System
Hill, A. V. (1929) · Nature · doi:10.1038/123009a0 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
The basis of sensation : the action of the sense organs
Adrian, E. D. (1964) · Hafner eBooks · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Tolman, E. C., & Honzik, C. H. (1930) · University of California Press eBooks · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Multiple representations of space underlying behavior
Lieblich, I., & Arbib, M. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00013959 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Role of the hippocampus in temporal and spatial navigation
Schmajuk, N. A. (1990) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(90)90028-d · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationVeiga, J. P. C., & Martin, S. B. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003519577-16 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Connectionistic Problem Solving
Hampson, S. E. (1990) · Birkhäuser Boston eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6770-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 25 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A model of hippocampal function
Burgess, N., Recce, M., & O'Keefe, J. (1994) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(05)80159-5 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
The hippocampus as a cognitive graph.
Muller, R. U., Stead, M., & Pach, J. (1996) · The Journal of general physiology · doi:10.1085/jgp.107.6.663 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
BIOLOGICALLY BASED ARTIFICIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS: REVIEW AND PROSPECTS
TRULLIER, O., WIENER, S. I., BERTHOZ, A., & MEYER, J.-A. (1997) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00060-3 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.001.0001 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
A simple (or simplistic?) cognitive model for schizophrenia
Hemsley, D. R. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90116-c · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Solway, A., & Botvinick, M. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0026435 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
View-Based Cognitive Mapping and Path Planning
Schölkopf, B., & Mallot, H. A. (1995) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239500300303 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Samsonovich, A. V., & Ascoli, G. A. (2005) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.85205 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Natural intelligence in artificial creatures
Balkenius, C. (1995) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Neurobiologically inspired mobile robot navigation and planning
Cuperlier, N. (2007) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/neuro.12.003.2007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Local remapping of place cell firing in the Tolman detour task
Alvernhe, A., Save, É., & Poucet, B. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07653.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The visual homing problem: An example of robotics/biology cross fertilization
Gaussier, P., Joulain, C., Banquet, J. P., Leprêtre, S., & Revel, A. (2000) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/s0921-8890(99)00070-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Spatial Learning and Action Planning in a Prefrontal Cortical Network Model
Martinet, L., Sheynikhovich, D., Benchenane, K., & Arleo, A. (2011) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002045 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Affordances. Motivations, and the World Graph Theory
Guazzelli, A., Bota, M., Corbacho, F., & Arbib, M. A. (1998) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239800600305 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Spatial Cognition in Teleost Fish: Strategies and Mechanisms
Rodríguez, F., Quintero, B., Amores, L., Madrid, D., Salas-Peña, C., & Salas, C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11082271 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Context codes and the effect of noisy learning on a simplified hippocampal CA3 model
Wu, X., Baxter, R. A., & Levy, W. B. (1996) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/bf00204204 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hemsley, D. R. (1996) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455960202001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Goal-Directed Decision Making with Spiking Neurons
Friedrich, J. H., & Lengyel, M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2854-15.2016 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Short-distance navigation in cephalopods: a review and synthesis
Jozet‐Alves, C., Boal, J. G., & Dickel, L. (2007) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-007-0192-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Embodied spatial cognition: Biological and artificial systems
Mallot, H. A., & Basten, K. (2008) · Image and Vision Computing · doi:10.1016/j.imavis.2008.09.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Place Learning and the Dynamics of Spatial Navigation: A Neural Network Approach
Schmajuk, N. A., & Blair, H. T. (1993) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239300100304 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationGoal-directed decision making in prefrontal cortex: A computational framework.
Botvinick, M., & An, J. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dynamical neural networks for planning and low-level robot control
Quoy, M., Moga, S., & Gaussier, P. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans · doi:10.1109/tsmca.2003.809224 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Rats build and update topological representations through exploration
Alvernhe, A., Sargolini, F., & Poucet, B. (2011) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-011-0460-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A dynamic route finder for the cognitive map.
Reid, A. K., & Staddon, J. E. R. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.105.3.585 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dynamics of a Classical Conditioning Model
Balkenius, C., & Morén, J. (1999) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1023/a:1008965713435 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Maps, routes, and the hippocampus: A neural network approach
Schmajuk, N. A., Thieme, A., & Blair, H. T. (1993) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450030312 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationAttentional–Associative Interactions in Creativity
Schmajuk, N. A., Aziz, D. R., & Bates, M. J. B. (2009) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410802633574 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationBalakrishnan, K., Bousquet, O., & Honavar, V. (1999) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239900700203 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hierarchical Map Building and Self-Positioning with MonaLysa
Donnart, J.-Y., & Meyer, J.-A. (1996) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239600500103 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Latent learning, shortcuts and detours: a computational model
Voicu, H., & Schmajuk, N. A. (2002) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00060-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationBaev, K. V. (1997) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(96)00053-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Visual tracking and target selection for mobile robots
Balkenius, C., & Kopp, L. (2002) · European Conference on Mobile Robots · doi:10.1109/eurbot.1996.551896 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Proteus Caught in A (Neural) Net. Animal Learning and Cognition: A Neural Network Approach
Blaisdell, A. P. (2003) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2496(02)00037-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Spatial navigation model based on chaotic attractor networks
Voicu, H., Kozma, R., Wong, D., & Freeman, W. (2004) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540090410001664641 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
EXPERIMENTS AND MODELS ABOUT COGNITIVE MAP LEARNING FOR MOTIVATED NAVIGATION
Gaussier, P., Leprêtre, S., Quoy, M., Revel, A., Joulain, C., & Banquet, J. P. (2000) · World Scientific series in robotics and intelligent systems · doi:10.1142/9789812792747_0004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Model of Selection between Stimulus and Place Strategy in a Hawkmoth
Balkenius, A., Kelber, A., & Balkenius, C. (2004) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971230401200101 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Biologically Plausible Spatial Navigation for a Mobile Robot
Brett Browning, A. (2018) · KiltHub Repository · doi:10.1184/r1/6552197 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Spatial learning with perceptually grounded representations
Balkenius, C. (1998) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/s0921-8890(98)00046-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Endotaxis: A neuromorphic algorithm for mapping, goal-learning, navigation, and patrolling
Zhang, T., Rosenberg, M., Jing, Z., Perona, P., & Meister, M. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.84141 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exploration, Navigation and Cognitive Mapping
Voicu, H., & Schmajuk, N. A. (2000) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971230000800301 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman and Machine Learning in Non-Markovian Decision Making
Clarke, A., Friedrich, J. H., Tartaglia, E. M., Marchesotti, S., Senn, W., & Herzog, M. H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123105 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Biomimetic Navigation Models and Strategies in Animats
Trullier, O., & Meyer, J.-A. (1997) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The effect of maze complexity on maze-solving time in a desert ant
Bega, D., Samocha, Y., Yitzhak, N., Saar, M., Subach, A., & Scharf, I. (2019) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103893 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Schmajuk, N. A. (1996) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.537118 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning and motivational couplings promote smarter behaviors of an animat in an unknown world
Quoy, M., Laroque, P., & Gaussier, P. (2002) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/s0921-8890(02)00164-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cognitive Path Planning With Spatial Memory Distortion
Dubey, R. K., Sohn, S. S., Thrash, T., Hölscher, C., Borrmann, A., & Kapadia, M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3163794 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Map-Based Spatial Navigation: A Cortical Column Model for Action Planning
Martinet, L., Passot, J.-B., Fouque, B., Meyer, J.-A., & Arleo, A. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Three-dimensional cognitive mapping with a neural network
Voicu, H., & Schmajuk, N. A. (2001) · Robotics and Autonomous Systems · doi:10.1016/s0921-8890(00)00122-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationBIOLOGICAL LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEPreprint
Balkenius, C. (1994) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
From spatial navigation via visual construction to episodic memory and imagination
Arbib, M. A. (2020) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-020-00829-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A recurrent network for landmark-based navigation
Cruse, H. (2003) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-003-0395-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Generalized multi-peg tower of hanoi problem
Majumdar, A. A. K. (1996) · ANZIAM Journal · doi:10.1017/s033427000000059x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Transition Cells and Neural Fields for Navigation and Planning
Cuperlier, N., Quoy, M., Laroque, P., & Gaussier, P. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11499220_36 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pyeatt, L. D., & Howe, A. E. (1999) · doi:10.25675/3.026641 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cognitive Models of Spatial Navigation from a Robot Builder's Perspective
Wyeth, G. F., & Brett Browning, A. (1998) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/105971239800600307 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Discussion on the reverberatory model of short-term memory: A computational approach
Niktarash, A. H. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00082-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Configural representations in transverse patterning with a hippocampal model
Rodriguez, P. F., & Levy, W. B. (2003) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2003.06.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jozet‐Alves, C., Darmaillacq, A., & Boal, J. G. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139058964.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Spatial and temporal cognitive mapping: a neural network approach
Schmajuk, N. A., & Buhusi, C. V. (1997) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)89057-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationA Planning Map for Mobile Robots: Speed Control and Paths Finding in a Changing Environment
Quoy, M., Gaussier, P., Leprêtre, S., Revel, A., & Banquet, J. P. (2000) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-40044-3_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An Associative Approach to Additivity and Maximality Effects on Blocking
Schmajuk, N. A., & Kutlu, M. G. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-021-1.ch004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Artificial Intelligence and Computational Neuroscience Meet
Alexandre, F., Dominey, P. F., Gaussier, P., Girard, B., Khamassi, M., & Rougier, N. P. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06170-8_9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Missing Link Between Memory and Reinforcement Learning
Balkenius, C., Tjøstheim, T. A., Johansson, B., Wallin, A., & Gärdenfors, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560080 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brain Rhythms Provide a Framework for Neural Syntax
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pisapia, N. D. (2005) · ERA · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Decision functions that can support a hippocampal model
Wu, X., & Levy, W. B. (2006) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2005.12.084 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Martinet, L., Fouque, B., Passot, J.-B., Meyer, J.-A., & Arleo, A. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69134-1_14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neurogenesis performs the formation of the cognitive space in rat's navigation
Aota, Y., & Miyake, Y. (2004) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2004.02.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Internally Organized Cell Assembly Trajectories
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0007 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Causation and Logic in Neuroscience
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Revel, A., & Gaussier, P. (2003) · Studies in fuzziness and soft computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-1775-1_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Arkin, R. C., & Endo, Y. (2008) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sistema de Navegação para Robôs Móveis Baseado em Mapas Cognitivos
Melfi, F. R. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.55.2018.tde-06032018-105039
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0011
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0012
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0005
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0013
Enhancing Brain Performance by Externalizing Thought
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0009
Internally Organized Activity During Offline Brain States
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0008
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0004
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.003.0014
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.002.0006
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.002.0003
Buzsáki, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190905385.002.0004
Biosystems and Bioinspired Systems
Iordache, O. M. (2010) · Understanding complex systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10654-5_4
- Authors
- Schmajuk, N. A., & Thieme, A. D.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- ORCID
- Thieme, A. D.
- Venue
- Biological Cybernetics
- Published
- 1992-06
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 165-174
- ISSN
- 0340-1200 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0770
- OpenAlex
- W1999124634
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Biological Cybernetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2s07rr007028-26)
- National Center for Research Resources (SO7 RR07028-22)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Neural Networks and Applications
- Keywords
- purposive action, cognitive mapping, neural network model, motivation system, topological maps, recurrent neural networks, real-time prediction, latent learning, detour behavior, rats, Tower of Hanoi, problem solving, biologically plausible models
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Cognition, Computer Simulation, Exploratory Behavior, Learning, Mathematics, Neural Networks, Computer
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review