Hepatic clearance of drugs. I. Theoretical considerations of a “well-stirred” model and a “parallel tube” model. Influence of hepatic blood flow, plasma and blood cell binding, and the hepatocellular enzymatic activity on hepatic drug clearance
Pang, K. Sandy, Rowland, Malcolm·1977·Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics
Cited by (480)
Items 301–400 of 480
- Introduction to Clinical PharmacologyRommel G. Tirona, Richard B. Kim · 2009 · Elsevier eBooks
- Drug ExcretionDavid R. Taft · 2009 · Elsevier eBooks
- Dermal Blood Flow, Lymphatics, and Binding as Determinants of Topical Absorption, Clearance, and DistributionS. E. Cross, Michael Stephen Roberts · 2005 · CRC Press eBooks
- Kirchhoff’s Laws and Hepatic Clearance, Well-Stirred Model – Is There Common Ground?M. Rowland, M. Weiss, K. Pang · 2023 · Drug Metabolism And Disposition
- Utility of Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Assessing Fractional Distribution, Oral Absorption, and Series-Compartment Models of Hepatic ClearanceXiao-Nan Li, W. Jusko · 2023 · Drug Metabolism And Disposition
- A Complete Extension of Classical Hepatic Clearance Models Using Fractional Distribution Parameter f d in Physiologically Based PharmacokineticsYoo‐Seong Jeong, William J. Jusko · 2023 · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Discovery of the first potent and selective αvβ5 integrin inhibitor based on an amide-containing coreRhys A. Lippa, John Barrett, Sandeep Pal, James E. Rowedder, John Anthony Murphy, Tim N. Barrett · 2020 · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
- Estimation of Circulating Drug Metabolite Exposure in Human Using In Vitro Data and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Example of a High Metabolite/Parent Drug RatioR. Obach, Jian Lin, E. Kimoto, S. Duvvuri, T. Nicholas, Eugene P. Kadar, L. Tremaine, A. Sawant-Basak · 2018 · Drug Metabolism And Disposition
- Online monitoring of hepatic rat metabolism by coupling a liver biochip and a mass spectrometer.F. Merlier, R. Jellali, E. Leclerc · 2017 · In Analysis
- Characterization of fimasartan metabolites in human liver microsomes and human plasmaJi-Yoon Lee, Young Jae Choi, S. Oh, Y. Chi, S. Paik, Kiho Lee, Jae-Kyung Jung, C. Ryu, K. Kim, Dong-Hyun Kim et al. · 2016 · Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
- The identification of lobeglitazone metabolites in rat liver microsomes and the kinetics of the in vivo formation of the major metabolite M1 in rats.Jong-Hwa Lee, Sung-Hoon Ahn, H. Maeng, Wooin Lee, Dae-Duk Kim, S. Chung · 2015 · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
- SELECTIVE EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE ON THE DISPOSITION OF CHLORZOXAZONE AND DEXTROMETHORPHAN IN ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVERSR. Vuppugalla, R. Mehvar · 2006 · Drug Metabolism And Disposition
- The influence of drug kinetics in blood on the calculation of oral bioavailability in linear pharmacokinetics: the traditional equation may considerably overestimate the true value.L. Berezhkovskiy · 2006 · Journal of Pharmacy and Science
- On the Degree of Solute Mixing in Liver Models of Drug EliminationM. Weiss · 1997 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Concentration-dependent metabolism of diazepam in mouse liverM. st-Pierre, K. Pang · 1995 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- In Vitro Models for Plasma Binding and Tissue StoragePatrick Barton, Rupert P. Austin, Roger E. Fessey · 2007 · Elsevier eBooks
- Analysis methods and recent advances in nonlinear pharmacokinetics from in vitro through in loci to in vivo.K. Yamaoka, Y. Takakura · 2004 · Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
- Microsomal Cytochrome P450 Levels and Activities of Isolated Rat Livers Perfused with AlbuminRagini Vuppugalla, Rakhi B. Shah, Anjaneya Chimalakonda, Charles Fisher, Reza Mehvar · 2003 · Pharmaceutical Research
- ADME characterization and PBK model development of 3 highly protein-bound UV filters through topical applicationHe-Qun Li, Fazila Bunglawala, N. Hewitt, R. Pendlington, R. Cubberley, B. Nicol, S. Spriggs, M. Baltazar, S. Cable, M. Dent · 2023 · Toxicological Sciences
- In vitro metabolic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease inhibitors GRL0617 and HY-17542Hyun-Jae Cho, Young Jun Kim, J. Chae, Markus R. Meyer, S. K. Kim, C. Ryu · 2023 · Frontiers in Pharmacology
- In vitro–in vivo extrapolation of bexarotene metabolism in the presence of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury in rat using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and extrapolation to humanMo’tasem M. Alsmadi, Saja B. Alzughoul · 2022 · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition
- A novel galactose electrochemical biosensor intended for point-of-care measurement of quantitative liver function using galactose single-point testKuo-ming Yu, Ping Yang, Tien-Yu Huang, T. Shen, J. Lau, O. Hu · 2022 · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
- Pharmacokinetic Profile of Doxycycline in Koala Plasma after Weekly Subcutaneous Injections for the Treatment of ChlamydiosisChien-Jung Chen, Amber K. Gillett, R. Booth, B. Kimble, M. Govendir · 2022 · Animals
- Use of generally recognized as safe or dietary compounds to inhibit buprenorphine metabolism: potential to improve buprenorphine oral bioavailabilityNeha Maharao, J. Venitz, P. Gerk · 2019 · Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition
- PBPK Modeling to Unravel Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Verapamil to Estimate the Fractional Clearance for Verapamil N-Demethylation in the Recirculating Rat Liver PreparationQ. Yang, Lu-Qin Si, Hui Tang, H. H. Sveigaard, E. Chow, K. Pang · 2015 · Drug Metabolism And Disposition
- A comparative investigation of hepatic clearance models: Predictions of metabolite formation and eliminationMarie V. St–Pierre, Ping I. Lee, K. Sandy Pang · 1992 · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics
- A nonlinear physiologic pharmacokinetic model: I. Steady-stateJohn G. Wagner, Gregory J. Szpunar, James J. Ferry · 1985 · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics
- Complex Drug Interactions: Significance and EvaluationPing Zhao, Lei Zhang, Shiew Mei Huang · 2009 · Springer eBooks
- Predicting Human Oral Bioavailability Using in Silico ModelsLawrence X. Yu, Christopher D. Ellison, Ajaz S Hussain · 2004 · Springer eBooks
- Pharmacokinetics of tafamidis, a transthyretin amyloidosis drug, in ratsKyeong-Ryoon Lee, Jong-Woo Jeong, Hun-Chan Hyun, Eunseo Jang, Sunjoo Ahn, Sungwook Choi, S. Joo, Sungsub Kim, Tae-Sung Koo · 2018 · Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
- An integer programming approach for optimal drug dose computationP. Sopasakis, H. Sarimveis · 2012 · Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.
- New method for the simultaneous estimation of intrinsic hepatic clearance and protein binding by matrix inhibitionTakahide Uchimura, Motohiro Kato, Tatsuhiko Tachibana, S. Arai, Y. Nabuchi, Kimitoshi Saito, H. Kinoshita · 2008 · Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition
- Axial tissue diffusion can account for the disparity between current models of hepatic elimination for lipophilic drugsLaurent P. Rivory, Michael Stephen Roberts, Susan M. Pond · 1992 · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics
- Simultaneous study of the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral nicardipine using a stable isotopeM. Guerret, G. Cheymol, M. Hubert, C. Julien-Larose, D. Lavene · 2004 · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Plasma Protein Binding as an Optimizable Parameter for In Vivo EfficacyHong-Tao Zhao · 2025 · bioRxiv
- Mechanisms of altered hepatic drug disposition during pregnancy: small moleculesMuluneh M. Fashe, Jacqueline B. Tiley, Craig R. Lee · 2025 · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
- Notes on the Use of Kirchhoff’s Laws in PharmacokineticsRonald A. Siegel · 2023 · AAPS Journal
- Combined translational pharmacometrics approach to support the design and conduct of the first‐in‐human study of DWP16001So Jin Lee, Soo Hyeon Bae, Sangil Jeon, Hye Young Ji, Seunghoon Han · 2023 · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Characterisation of intravenous pharmacokinetics in Göttingen minipig and clearance prediction using established in vitro to in vivo extrapolation methodologiesKristine Langthaler, Christopher R. Jones, Rasmus B. Christensen, Elin Eneberg, Birger Brodin, Christoffer Bundgaard · 2022 · Xenobiotica
- Metronomic dose-finding approach in oral chemotherapy by experimentally-driven integrative mathematical modeling.S. Kweon, Yoo-Seong Jeong, Seung-Woo Chung, Hanul Lee, Ha-Kyeong Lee, S. Park, J. U. Choi, Jooho Park, S. Chung, Y. Byun · 2022 · Biomaterials
- Effects of age and gender on the cytochrome P450 2D6 activity in a Korean populationP. Park, Y. Seo, J. Ahn, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Ji-Young Park · 2021 · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
- Effect of Isoniazid Intake on Ethionamide Pharmacokinetics and Target Attainment in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis PatientsM. Chirehwa, R. Court, M. de Kock, L. Wiesner, N. de Vries, J. Harding, T. Gumbo, G. Maartens, R. Warren, P. Denti et al. · 2021 · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
- Evaluation of a Competitive Equilibrium Dialysis Approach for Assessing the Impact of Protein Binding on Clearance PredictionsRobert S. Jones, Jae H. Chang, M. Flores, E. Brecht · 2020 · Journal of Pharmacy and Science
- Spatially antiviral dynamics determines HCV in vivo replication and evolution.Chen-Tong Li, Ying-Ying Zhang, Yi-Cang Zhou · 2020 · Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Further Assessment of the Relay Hepatocyte Assay for Determination of Intrinsic Clearance of Slowly Metabolised Compounds Using Radioactivity Monitoring and LC–MS MethodsR. Murgasova · 2019 · European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics
- Theoretical consideration of the properties of intestinal flow models on route‐dependent drug removal: Segregated Flow (SFM) vs. Traditional (TM)Keumhan Noh, K. Sandy Pang · 2019 · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition
- Pradigastat disposition in humans:in vivoandin vitroinvestigationsAlana L. Upthagrove, Jin Chen, Charles Daniel Meyers, Kenneth M. Kulmatycki, Angela Bretz, Lai Wang, Lana Peng, Safet Palamar, Melissa Lin, Tapan Majumdar et al. · 2016 · Xenobiotica
- Unequivocal evidence supporting the segregated flow intestinal model that discriminates intestine versus liver first-pass removal with PBPK modeling.K. Pang, Q. Yang, K. Noh · 2017 · Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition
- Mechanistic investigations into the species differences in pinometostat clearance: impact of binding to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and permeability-limited hepatic uptakeSherri A. Smith, Sandra Gagnon, Nigel J. Waters · 2016 · Xenobiotica
- Prediction of the possibility of the secondary peaks of iv bolus drug plasma concentration time curve by the model that directly takes into account the transit time through the organ.L. Berezhkovskiy · 2009 · Journal of Pharmacy and Science
- Prediction of metabolic clearance of diclofenac in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats using a substrate depletion assayS. Uno, A. Fujii, H. Komura, A. Kawase, M. Iwaki · 2008
- Theoretical consideration of drug distribution kinetics in a noneliminating organ: Comparison between a “homogeneous (well-stirred)” model and “nonhomogeneous (tube)” modelT. Terasaki, Y. Sugiyama, T. Iga, Y. Sawada, M. Hanano · 1985 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Impact of Physiological Determinants: Flow, Binding, Transporters and Enzymes on Organ and Total Body ClearancesK. Sandy Pang, Huadong Sun, Edwin C.Y. Chow · 2009 · Springer eBooks
- Population pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide and isoniazid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from South African adults with tuberculous meningitisJosé Miguel Calderín Miranda, Sean A Wasserman, Juan Eduardo Reséndiz‐Galván, Noha Abdelgawad, Angharad Davis, Cari J. Stek, Lubbe Wiesner, Robert John Wilkinson, Paolo Denti · 2025 · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
- Hepatic and extra-hepatic metabolism of propylene glycol ethers in the context of central nervous system toxicitySophie Werner, David Pamies, Marie‐Gabrielle Zurich, Laura Suter‐Dick · 2025 · Toxicology
- Quantitative pulmonary pharmacokinetics of tetrandrine for SARS-CoV-2 repurposing: a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approachFu-zhe Wang, Liuhan Dong, Juanwen Hu, Shi-Jie Yang, Ling-juan Wang, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wenpeng Zhang, Xiaomei Zhuang · 2024 · Frontiers in Pharmacology
- The history and future of population pharmacokinetic analysis in drug developmentNathan S. Teuscher · 2023 · Xenobiotica
- Evidence of the Need for Modified Well-stirred Model in In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation.Tien-Yu Chang, Hong-Jaan Wang, Shu-Hao Hsu, M. Chang, L. Kao, Li-Heng Pao · 2022 · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Physicochemical and drug metabolism characterization of a series of 4-aminoquinoline-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one hybrid molecules with antimalarial activityR. Thelingwani, Britta Bonn, K. Chibale, C. Masimirembwa · 2014 · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
- Metabolism and clinical pharmacokinetics of 2-methyl-n-(2′-(pyrrolidinyl-1-ylsulfonyl)-n-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)propran-1-amine: insights into monoamine oxidase- and CYP-mediated disposition by integration ofin vitroADME toolsAarti Sawant Basak, Wonkyung Byon, Elaine Tseng-Lovering, Carrie Funk, Linda S. Wood, Chang Lin, Marielle Delnomdedieu, Patrick R. Verhoest, Vinod D. Parikh, Loretta M. Cox et al. · 2013 · Xenobiotica
- Metabolite Mean Transit Times in the Liver as Predicted By Various Models of Hepatic EliminationGeorge D. Mellick, Yuri G. Anissimov, Anthony J. Bracken, Michael Stephen Roberts · 1997 · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics
- Generalized pharmacokinetic modeling for drugs with nonlinear binding: I. Theoretical frameworkW. Gillespie · 1993 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Effect of a protein binding change on unbound and total plasma concentrations for drugs of intermediate hepatic extractionRobert H. M. Smallwood, G. Mihaly, R. Smallwood, D. Morgan · 1988 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Lack of linear correlation between hepatic ligand uptake rate and unbound ligand concentration does not necessarily imply receptor-mediated uptakeRobert H. M. Smallwood, D. Morgan, G. Mihaly, R. Smallwood · 1988 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- The assessment of bioavailability in the presence of nonlinear eliminationS. Hall, C. McAllister, G. Wilkinson · 1988 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Effect of plasma protein binding on drug disposition in muscle tissue: Application of statistical moment analysis and network theory toin situ local single-pass perfusion systemT. Kakutani, E. Sumimoto, M. Hashida · 1988 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Effect of a diffusional barrier to a metabolite across hepatocytes on its kinetics in “enzyme-distributed” models: A computer-aided simulation studyS. Miyauchi, Y. Sugiyama, Hitoshi Sato, Y. Sawada, T. Iga, M. Hanano · 1987 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Influence of food on the intravenous and oral dose kinetics of propranolol in the dogS. Bai, U. Walle, T. Walle · 1985 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Metabolite to parent drug concentration ratio as a function of parent drug extraction ratio: Cases of nonportal route of administrationE. Lane, R. Levy · 1981 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Distribution – in vitro Tests – Protein BindingJ. Riedel · 2006
- Intravenous Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of the Reactive Oxygen Scavenger α-Phenyl-N-Tert-Butyl Nitrone (PBN) in the Cynomolgus MonkeyM. Lame, Amit S. Kalgutkar, Michael Lafontaine · 2004 · Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions
- Population Pharmacokinetics of Tideglusib in Congenital and Childhood Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1: Influence of Demographic and Clinical Factors on Systemic ExposureA. Di Deo, S. Oosterholt, Joseph P. Horrigan, Stuart Evans, A. McMorn, O. Della Pasqua · 2025 · Pharmaceutics
- Assumptions Underlying Hepatic Clearance Models: Recognizing the Influence of Saturable Protein Binding on Driving Force Concentration and Discrimination Between Models of Hepatic ClearanceJulia A. Schulz Pauly, Jin Wang, Colin J. Phipps, J. Kalvass · 2023 · Drug Metabolism And Disposition
- Model-based assessment of the safety of community interventions with primaquine in sub-Saharan AfricaStijn W. van Beek, E. Svensson, A. Tiono, J. Okebe, U. D'Alessandro, B. Gonçalves, T. Bousema, C. Drakeley, R. ter Heine · 2021 · Parasites & Vectors
- Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of balovaptan, a selective, brain-penetrant vasopressin 1a receptor antagonist, in healthy volunteersMichael Derks, Sian Lennon-Chrimes, Andreas Guenther, Lisa Squassante, Christoph Wandel, Piotr J. Szczesny, Axel Paehler, Heidemarie Kletzl · 2021 · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
- In vitro and in vivo evaluation of hypothermia on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nimodipine in rabbitsY. Fei, Tian-hong Zhang, Jing Zhao, H. Ren, Yanni Du, Chun’e Yu, Qiang Wang, Shu Li, Ting-lin Ren, Q. Jian et al. · 2017 · Journal of International Medical Research
- A Mechanism-Based Pharmacokinetic Enzyme Turnover Model for Dichloroacetic Acid Autoinhibition in RatsYu Jiang, Gary Milavetz, Margaret O. James, Guohua An · 2017 · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- System approach to modeling of liver glucose metabolism with physiologically interpreted model parameters outgoing from [18F]FDG concentrations measured by PETZ. Rausová, J. Chrenova, P. Nuutila, P. Iozzo, L. Dedík · 2012 · Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.
- Transporters, enzymes, and enalapril removal in a rat (CC531-induced) liver metastatic model.Li-Chuan Liu, Huadong Sun, Wiqas Y. Valji, K. S. Pang · 2007 · American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
- Prediction of Hepatic Clearance in Humans from Experimental Animals and In Vitro DataMasato Chiba, Yuichi Sugiyama, Yasuyuki Ishii, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Yoshihiro Shibata · 2003 · Informa Healthcare eBooks
- An understanding of flow- and diffusion-limited vs. Carrier-mediated hepatic transport: A simulation studyWanping Geng, K. Poon, K. Pang · 1995 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- The Effect of Valproate on the Metabolism of Phenobarbital in the RatG. Anderson, R. Levy · 1992 · Pharmaceutical Research
- Pharmacometrics: A Quantitative Decision-Making Tool in Drug DevelopmentYan Chun Xu, Holly H. C. Kimko · 2020 · Springer eBooks
- Thermal Injury Decreases Hepatic Blood Flow and the Intrinsic Clearance of Indocyanine Green in the RatG. M. Pollack, K. Brouwer · 2004 · Pharmaceutical Research
- Advancing Hepatic Clearance Prediction Across In Vitro, Ex Situ, and In Vivo Systems to Facilitate In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolation.Hsin-Chung Cheng, Hsueh-Tien Chen, Hsin-Ying Chen, Nai-Hsin Chou, Hong-Jaan Wang, Li-Heng Pao, Sung-Ling Tang · 2025 · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Using partition analysis as a facile method to derive net clearancesK. Korzekwa, J. Yadav, S. Nagar · 2022 · Clinical and Translational Science
- Pharmacokinetics and Dose Optimization Strategies of Para-Aminosalicylic Acid in Children with Rifampicin-Resistant TuberculosisL. E. van der Laan, A. Garcia-Prats, H. S. Schaaf, M. Chirehwa, J. Winckler, Jun Mao, H. Draper, L. Wiesner, J. Norman, H. McIlleron et al. · 2022 · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
- Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)R. Shah · 2019 · The Pharma Innovation
- Establishing species-specific 3D liver microtissues for repeat dose toxicology and advancing in vitro to in vivo translation through computational modellingJ. Kyffin · 2018
- Integrated Assessment of Drug Clearance and Cross‐Species ScalabilityKevin C. Beaumont, James R. Gosset, Christopher E. Keefer · 2014 · Wiley eBooks
- Hepatic Biotransformation and Biliary ExcretionR. Baynes, J. Riviere · 2011
- Drug structure–transport relationshipsMichael Stephen Roberts · 2010 · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
- A convenient method for estimating the quantity of drug eliminated by the routes other than hepatic metabolism and renal excretion and the fraction of drug that reaches the "first pass" after oral administration.L. Berezhkovskiy · 2006 · Journal of Pharmacy and Science
- New hepatocellular diffusion model for analysis of hepatobiliary transport processes of drugsH. Yasui, K. Yamaoka, T. Nakagawa · 1995 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Effect of induced hypoalbuminemia on distribution, total clearance and unbound clearance of Piroxicam in vivo in the ratJ. I. F. Troconiz, L. G. Lopez-Bustamante, D. Fos · 1993 · European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics
- Disposition of prednisone and prednisolone in the perfused rabbit liver: Modeling hepatic metabolic processesV. Hale, K. Aizawa, L. Sheiner, L. Benet · 1991 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Hepatic elimination of drugs with concentration-dependent serum protein bindingJin-Ding Huang, S. Oie · 1984 · Journal of pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics
- Oral Drug Delivery, Absorption and BioavailabilityDavid Dahlgren, Hans Lennernäs · 2021 · Elsevier eBooks
- Prediction of Drug Clearance from Enzyme and Transporter KineticsPriyanka Kulkarni, Amir S. Youssef, Aneesh A. Argikar · 2021 · Methods in molecular biology
- Drug-Drug Interactions With a Pharmacokinetic BasisLisa Cheng, T. Chang, H. Wong · 2021 · Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences